Kg 

L1BR1S 


BANCROFT    LIBRARY 


Guide  to  the  Materials 

for  the 

History  of  the  United  States 
in  Spanish  Archives 

(Simancas,  the  Archive  Historico  Nacional,  and  Seville) 


BT 

WILLIAM  R.  SHEPHERD 

ADJUNCT   PROFESSOR   OF   HISTORY.    COLUMBIA    UNIVERSITY,    NEW   YORK 


Published  by  the  Carnegie  Institutit 
1907 


Guide  to  the  Materials 

for  the 

History  of  the  United  States 
in  Spanish  Archives 

(Simancas,  the  Archive  Historico  Nacional,  and  Seville) 


BY 

WILLIAM  R.  SHEPHERD 

ADJUNCT  PROFESSOR   OF   HISTORY,    COLUMBIA    UNIVERSITY,    NEW   YORK 


WASHINGTON,  D.  C.: 

Published  by  the  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington 
1907 


CARNEGIE  INSTITUTION  OF  WASHINGTON 

PUBLICATION  No.  91 


PAPERS  OF  THE   DEPARTMENT  OF   HISTORICAL  RESEARCH 
J.  FRANKLIN  JAMESON,  DIRECTOR 


PBESI  or  BYRON  8.  ADAMS 

WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 


PREFACE. 

METHODICAL  exploitation  of  the  materials  for  American  history  in 
foreign  archives  is  one  of  the  chief  tasks  incumbent  upon  the  Depart- 
ment of  Historical  Research  in  the  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington. 
In  natural  order  the  first  step  in  the  case  of  each  important  archive  or 
group  of  archives  is  the  preparation  of  a  general  survey  of  the  materials 
of  this  kind  which  it  possesses.  On  the  basis  of  such  a  general  guide, 
further  exploitation  by  this  Department  or  by  other  agencies  can  be  con- 
ducted with  intelligence  and  with  due  sense  of  proportion. 

With  the  exception  of  England,  concerning  whose  public  archives  a 
thorough  report  by  Professor  Charles  M.  Andrews  is  in  preparation,  no 
country  has  so  strong  a  claim  as  Spain  to  such  attention  on  the  part  of  an 
American  historical  agency.  Professor  Shepherd  sailed  to  Spain  for 
the  collection  of  materials  for  this  report  early  in  June,  1905,  and  returned 
in  the  latter  part  of  September.  Though  he  already  had  a  consider- 
able familiarity  with  the  American  papers  in  the  chief  Spanish  reposi- 
tories, the  time  was  short  for  the  purpose  in  hand.  His  attention  was 
therefore  confined  to  the  three  archives  containing  the  greatest  amount  of 
material  for  the  history  of  the  United  States — the  Archives  of  Simancas, 
the  Archive  Historico-Nacional  at  Madrid,  and  the  Archives  of  the  Indies 
at  Seville.  Other  depositories,  some  of  which  are  important,  may  be  the 
subject  of  later  reports  by  the  Department.  Professor  Shepherd  also  left 
at  one  side  all  papers  relating  to  Columbus  and  his  voyages,  and  restricted 
himself  to  the  history  of  the  continental  portions  of  the  domain  of  the 
United  States.  The  nature  and  plan  of  the  report,  in  other  respects,  is 
sufficiently  described  in  his  introduction. 

The  natural  complement  to  such  a  report  would  be  a  list  of  documents 
in  these  Spanish  archives  of  which  transcripts  exist  in  American  libraries 
or  archives,  or  which  have  been  put  into  print.  This  would  enable  his- 
torical inquirers  to  avoid  searching  in  situ  for  materials  which  they  can 
consult  without  leaving  home.  Such  a  list  is  intended  to  accompany 
this  report.  But  as  delays  attend  the  construction  of  certain  parts  of  it, 
it  is  deemed  best  to  publish  Mr.  Shepherd's  report  without  waiting  for 
the  completion  of  this  supplement. 

J.  FRANKLIN  JAMESON. 


NOTE. 

FOR  effective  aid  in  gathering  the  materials  used  in  the  preparation  of 
the  Guide,  the  compiler  acknowledges  his  obligations  to  the  courtesy  of  the 
following  gentlemen:  Sr.  D.  Julian  Paz,  director  of  the  archives  at 
Simancas;  Sr.  D.  Vicente  Vignau,  director  of  the  National  Historical 
Archives  at  Madrid;  and  Sr.  D.  Pedro  Torres  Lanzas,  director,  and  Sr. 
D.  Jose  Gonzalez  Verger,  vice-director,  of  the  Archives  of  the  Indies 
at  Seville.  To  Walter  Saberton,  Esq.,  formerly  American  vice-consul  at 
Seville,  and  to  Sr.  D.  Francisco  Carretero,  secretary  of  the  archives  at 
Simancas,  his  appreciative  thanks  are  due  for  a  number  of  friendly 
services. 

WILLIAM  R.  SHEPHERD. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Introduction .. 5 

General  Archives  of  Simancas 15 

Secretariat  of  State 19 

Secretariat  of  War  and  Marine 24 

Secretariat  of  War     25 

Secretariat  of  Marine 27 

Old  Council,  Secretariat,  and  Boards,  of  Finance 27 

Secretariat  of  Finance 28 

Office  of  the  Controller  of  the  Bull  of  the  Crusade 28 

Inquisition  of  Aragon  and  Castile 28 

National  Historical  Archives 29 

State  Papers     31 

Maps      53 

General  Archives  of  the  Indies 55 

Audiencias      59 

"General  Miscellaneous" 67 

Ministry  of  the  Colonies 69 

State    Papers 70 

Cuban  Papers 77 

''Royal  Patronage" 79 

Discoveries,  Descriptions,  and  Settlements 80 

Government  of  the  Indies   (Florida) 81 

Royal  Armada     82 

Judicial    Papers 83 

Court  Records      87 

Office  of  the  Controller 88 

The  House  of  Trade 91 

The  House  of  Trade  and  the  Tribunal  of  Commerce  at  Cadiz 94 

Tribunal  of  Port  Arrivals,  and  of  the  Supervisory  Commission  of  the 

Public  Treasury,  at  Cadiz 94 

Postal  Papers 94 

Maps    . 95 

General  Bibliography     96 

3 


GUIDE  TO  THE  MATERIALS  FOR  THE  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES  IN  SPANISH  ARCHIVES. 


INTRODUCTION. 

OF  all  the  European  repositories  that  contain  documents  of  importance 
for  the  history  of  the  United  States,  the  archives  of  Spain  are  the  least 
known ;  yet  there  is  no  country  except  England  with  which  our  relations 
have  been  so  close.  The  course  of  development  in  our  continental  domain, 
south  and  west  of  the  original  thirteen  states,  the  problems  that  confront 
us  in  the  West  Indies  and  the  Philippines,  and  the  questions  arising  out 
of  our  connections  with  the  Spanish-American  republics,  need  for  their 
proper  understanding  the  information  that  the  Spanish  archives  afford. 

Why  the  manuscript  records  of  a  country  like  Spain,  which  left  the 
impress  of  its  type  of  civilization  on  so  many  areas  associated,  organically 
or  otherwise,  with  the  United  States,  should  have  been  scantily  examined 
by  American  students  seems,  at  first  glance,  difficult  to  explain.  Doubtless 
the  neglect  has  been  due  to  various  causes  —  to  prejudices  derived  from 
English  sources,  or  from  the  frontiersmen  of  our  earlier  years,  to  a  sense 
of  that  exclusiveness  for  which  Spaniards  were  long  noted,  to  the  frequent 
omission  of  Spain  from  the  itinerary  of  American  travellers  in  Europe,  and 
to  the  difficulties  that  confronted  certain  American  scholars  about  the  mid- 
dle of  the  last  century,  when  the  Spanish  archives  were  in  fact  a  sort  of 
inner  sanctuary  penetrable  only  by  special  permission  from  the  Crown. 

During  the  last  sixty  years,  however,  the  rigidity  of  official  bonds  has 
undergone  a  gradual  relaxation  until  the  terms  of  admission  to  the  most 
important  repositories  of  historical  manuscripts  are  now  very  liberal. 
Nowhere  in  Europe  are  the  good  offices  of  diplomats  less  needful,  the  facil- 
ities for  personal  investigation  more  varied,  and  the  officials  in  charge 
more  courteous  and  helpful  than  in  Spain. 

The  archives  of  the  kingdom,  together  with  its  libraries  and  museums, 
are  placed  in  charge  of  an  official  body  of  archivists,  librarians  and  cura- 
tors (Cuerpo  Facultative  de  Archiveros,  Bibliotecarios,  y  Arqueologos). 
This  body  forms  a  department  of  the  Ministry  of  Public  Instruction  and 
Fine  Arts.  For  their  respective  careers  the  members  (facultativos)  are 
required  to  pursue  a  special  course  of  university  training. 

The  many  repositories  in  Spain  are  classified,  according  to  the  nature 
of  their  contents,  as  general,  regional,  and  special.  To  the  first  class 
belong  the  archives  which  concern  the  nation  at  large  and  its  former  colo- 


6  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

nies.  Regional  archives  are  those  which  refer  to  a  certain  portion  of 
Spain  or  to  one  of  the  kingdoms  that  formerly  composed  it.  Universities 
and  the  offices  of  government  constitute  the  special  repositories. 

The  documents  in  the  archives  fall  into  two  great  classes,  namely,  public 
and  reserved.  The  former  class  comprises  all  papers  dated  up  to  1834, 
when  the  government  of  Spain  became  a  constitutional  monarchy.  These 
are  presumed  to  have  a  historical  character,  and  hence  are  made  accessible 
to  the  public.  The  latter  class  includes  the  documents  of  later  date,  and 
those  also  which  might  prejudice  in  any  way  the  royal  family  or  the  rela- 
tions of  Spain  with  foreign  powers.  Even  here  the  propriety  of  allowing 
a  responsible  person  to  use  them  lies  within  the  discretion  of  the  director 
of  each  repository,  but  papers  less  than  fifty  years  old  are  seldom  shown. 

Most  of  the  documents  are  preserved  in  the  form  of  bundles  (legajos) 
varying  in  size,  and  held  together  by  pieces  of  strong  tape  cross-knotted. 
Some  legajos  are  inclosed  between  heavy  slabs  of  pasteboard  or  in  paste- 
board boxes  (carpetas)  ;  others  are  covered  with  wrapping  paper ;  while 
not  a  few  lack  any  such  protection  at  all.  Within  the  legajos  many  of  the 
manuscripts  are  folded ;  but  an  effort  is  now  being  made  in  certain  repos- 
itories to  unfold  them,  and  thus  to  remove  the  danger  of  their  breaking 
apart.  A  goodly  number  of  documents,  also,  are  kept  in  bound  volumes 
(libros).  Under  appropriate  designations  both  the  legajos  and  the  librof 
are  arranged  numerically  in  wooden  racks  (estantes),  or  in  closets.  Prac- 
tically no  difference  between  the  legajos  and  the  libros  is  observed  in  the 
system  of  numbering  or  of  reference,  both  being  commonly  called  legajos. 
For  a  few  manuscripts  of  great  value  special  precautions  are  taken  against 
theft  and  against  injury  by  moths,  dust,  and  mildew.  To  this  end,  and 
also  for  the  purpose  of  ready  exhibition,  such  documents  are  kept  in  locked 
show-cases  (vitrinas),  or  in  ledger-like  wooden  boxes  placed  on  shelves  in 
the  library  or  general  workroom. 

Though  described  to  some  extent  in  printed  catalogues,  the  nature  and 
collocation  of  the  papers  are  set  forth  chiefly  in  manuscript  indexes  and 
inventories  (indices,  inventories),  and  also  in  paper  slips  (papeletas).  In 
the  catalogues,  indexes,  and  inventories  the  items  usually  concern  legajos 
or  libros  as  a  whole.  They  are  numbered  consecutively,  and  afford  a  brief 
statement  of  contents,  together  with  the  inclusive  dates.  Where  detailed 
inventories  (inventarios  razonados)  exist,  they  furnish  practically  a  calen- 
dar, at  times  of  individual  papers,  but  more  commonly  of  groups  of  them 
(expedientes),  which  may  relate  to  given  subjects.  The  papeletas,  how- 
ever, are  intended  to  replace  the  inventories  and  indexes  as  rapidly  as  they 
can  be  prepared,  and  eventually  they  are  to  be  printed  in  book  form.  In 
their  specially  constructed  table-cases  (casilleros)  these  paper  slips  are 
arranged  in  a  fairly  accurate  fashion  by  names,  topics,  localities,  and  dates, 


Introduction.  j 

more  or  less  like  a  card-catalogue.  The  information  that  they  offer  is 
derived  partly  from  the  general  data  in  the  inventories  and  indexes,  and 
partly  also  from  the  more  specific  statements  in  the  dockets  (senates, 
extractos)  of  the  expedientes,  or  in  those  of  the  individual  documents. 
Within  the  legajo  or  libro  itself  the  separate  papers  are  given,  occasionally, 
a  numerical,  or  an  alphabetical,  order ;  but  their  usual  sequence,  of  course, 
is  chronological. 

Admission  to  the  archives  of  the  government  offices  proper  requires  a 
permit  obtainable  only  through  the  American  minister,  and  likely  to  be 
slow  in  its  arrival.  With  the  exception,  however,  of  the  maps  in  the 
Hydrographic  Depository  at  Madrid,  the  papers  which  they  contain  belong, 
almost  entirely,  to  the  reserved  class.  The  historical  documents,  tech- 
nically so  called,  are  to  be  found  in  the  other  classes  of  repositories  to 
which  foreigners  are  admitted  on  precisely  the  same  terms  as  natives.  A 
letter  of  introduction  from  the  American  minister,  or  from  some  other 
diplomatic  or  consular  representative  of  the  United  States,  to  the  director 
(jefe)  of  any  archival  centre  is  useful,  but  not  necessary.  The  great  essen- 
tial for  the  investigator  is  an  ability  to  speak  and  to  write,  as  well  as  to 
read,  Spanish  with  a  reasonable  degree  of  fluency.  Also  he  should  possess 
some  knowledge  of  Spanish  palaeography  for  the  decipherment  of  the 
earlier  classes  of  documents,  and  be  prepared  at  all  times  to  detect  English 
or  French  proper  names  in  their  disguise  of  Spanish  spelling. 

Official  requirements,  imposed  as  such,  are  few.  Upon  his  entrance  into 
any  repository  for  the  first  time,  the  investigator  must  state  in  writing  his 
name,  nationality,  occupation,  and  purpose  in  consulting  the  manuscripts. 
He  must  promise  to  send  thither  a  copy  of  any  work  that  he  may  publish 
as  the  fruit  of  his  researches  in  the  archives.  In  case  he  has  had  photo- 
graphs or  reproductions  made  of  documents  or  maps,  a  copy  of  each  is 
likewise  to  be  presented.  These  preliminary  stipulations  once  agreed  to, 
every  facility  that  a  fair  interpretation  of  the  rules  will  allow  and  a  helpful 
courtesy  suggest,  is  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  investigator.  At  the 
same  time  he  is  free  from  any  censorship  of  his  notes  and  copies. 

The  regulations  common  to  public  archives  everywhere,  regarding  the 
proper  conduct  of  visitors  and  their  treatment  of  manuscripts,  prevail,  of 
course,  in  Spain;  but  certain  special  rules  should  be  mentioned.  For 
example,  in  the  repositories  where  printed  application  blanks  (pedidos)  are 
furnished  by  a  porter  in  the  library  or  general  workroom,  the  student  must 
fill  out  one  of  them  daily,  giving  his  name  and  address,  and  indicating  the 
shelf-number  of  the  documents  which  he  may  wish  to  examine.  The  slip 
is  then  to  be  presented  to  the  official  in  charge.  Under  ordinary  circum- 
stances no  one  is  allowed  to  call  for  more  than  one  bundle  or  volume  at  a 
time,  but  when  this  has  been  returned,  he  may  use  the  same  slip  for  a  new 


8  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

shelf-number.  In  repositories  where  no  printed  blanks  are  furnished,  the 
shelf-number  written  on  any  slip  of  paper  will  suffice.  To  ascertain  these 
numbers  the  investigator  may  use  the  printed  catalogues  where  such  exist, 
or  he  may  obtain  from  the  director,  or  any  other  responsible  official,  per- 
mission to  consult  the  manuscript  indexes  and  inventories,  provided  that 
they  are  in  bound  form ;  otherwise  he  must  apply  for  specific  information 
to  the  official  in  charge.  Counter  drawing  and  tracery,  as  well  as  the 
employment  of  chemicals  to  render  the  writing  legible,  are  allowed  only 
by  consent  of  the  director.  When  the  archives  close  for  the  day,  the  docu- 
ments are  put  back  on  the  shelves,  unless  the  worker  states  beforehand  his 
desire  to  use  them  on  the  morrow,  in  which  case  they  are  left  within  con- 
venient reach.  Contrary,  furthermore,  to  the  practice  in  some  of  the  Ger- 
man archives,  the  manuscripts  are  never  loaned  outside  of  the  building. 

However  liberal  the  treatment  of  foreign  visitors,  and  however  vast  the 
wealth  of  documentation  in  the  Spanish  archives  may  be,  various  obstacles 
lie  in  the  way  of  a  successful  prosecution  of  research,  which  render  it  diffi- 
cult, tedious,  and  even  discouraging.  To  begin  with,  the  regularity  of 
work  is  often  interrupted  by  saints'  days,  royal  birthdays,  and  other  holi- 
days, when  the  archives  are  closed.  The  published  catalogues  are  not  only 
few  in  number,  but  are  often  out  of  print,  and  seldom  give  the  precise 
information  sought.  On  the  other  hand,  the  manuscript  inventories,  when 
not  crude  and  inaccurate,  are  often  so  general  in  the  data  they  offer  as  to 
make  the  selection  of  particular  documents,  or  a  series  of  them,  largely  a 
matter  of  chance.  Examples  of  this  obstacle  to  rapid  and  efficient  inves- 
tigation will  be  cited  below  in  connection  with  a  sketch  of  the  Spanish 
system  of  colonial  administration. 

Moreover,  both  the  documents  relating  to  a  particular  topic,  and  even 
copies  of  a  single  document,  may  be  dispersed  among  several  repositories 
many  miles  apart.  In  the  same  archival  centre  at  times  duplicates  are  to 
be  found  scattered  through  two  or  more  legajos  that  have  little  apparent 
connection  with  one  another.  Occasionally,  also,  the  inscriptions  on  the 
labels  of  the  legajos,  on  the  dockets  of  the  expedientes,  and  on  those  of 
individual  documents,  are  misleading.  An  inspection  of  the  actual  con- 
tents may  reveal  gaps  or  errors,  while  the  lack  of  any  consecutive  order 
among  the  papers  retards  the  examination  of  them.  Hence  the  only  safe- 
guard against  repetition  or  mistaken  assumption  on  the  part  of  the  inves- 
tigator who  handles  large  numbers  of  documents,  and  especially  if  he 
intends  to  have  them  copied,  is  the  preparation  daily  of  a  check-list  in  the 
form  of  loose  slips,  containing  the  dates,  the  names  of  correspondents,  or 
other  means  of  identifying  the  papers  already  seen.  This  list  he  should 
have  constantly  at  hand  when  looking  over  the  contents  of  new  legajos. 


Introduction.  p 

Personal  investigation  is  almost  indispensable  for  work  in  the  Spanish 
archives.  The  historical  student  who  stays  at  home  and  confides  in  diplo- 
matic aid,  or  intrusts  the  task  of  research  to  the  average  Spanish  copyist, 
will  fail,  probably,  to  get  good  results.  As  a  rule  the  archivists  themselves 
decline  either  to  conduct  or  to  supervise  the  examination  of  documents. 
They  offer  no  objections  to  the  employment  as  copyists  of  persons  uncon- 
nected with  the  establishment,  particularly  if  the  document  to  be  copied  is 
written  in  a  language  other  than  Spanish  or  French ;  but  whenever  prac- 
ticable it  is  better  to  have  the  work  done  by  an  official  or  by  a  copyist 
whom  he  may  select.  The  application  for  copies,  or  for  summaries 
(extractos),  should  specify  clearly  the  shelf -mark  or  other  designation  of 
the  legajo,  the  date  of  the  paper,  its  number  in  any  series,  the  names  of  the 
correspondents,  or  some  other  means  of  identifying  the  paper  or  the  por- 
tions of  it  to  be  copied.  Arrangements  for  copying,  moreover,  should  be 
made  with  the  director  in  person,  or  with  some  official  whom  he  may 
depute  for  the  purpose.  The  usual  price  of  copies  ranges  from  \l/2  to  2 
pesetas  a  pliego,  or  sheet  of  four  pages,  12  by  9  inches,  with  a  somewhat 
liberal  allowance  for  margins.  A  small  sum  also  is  charged  for  the  paper 
used.  Summaries  of  documents,  and  copies  in  a  language  other  than 
Spanish,  or  that  involve  peculiarities  in  spelling,  diction,  punctuation, 
accentuation,  and  the  like,  as  well  as  the  certification  of  accuracy,  are  sub- 
ject to  special  rates.  The  cost  depends  upon  the  legibility  of  the  manu- 
script, upon  the  number  of  documents  to  be  copied,  and  upon  the  time 
required  for  the  performance  of  the  work. 

If  the  present  arrangements  in  the  Spanish  archives  are  unsatisfactory, 
this  is  due  in  part  to  the  system  of  classification  adopted  in  former  times, 
in  part  to  the  imperfect  manner  in  which  it  was  carried  out,  and  in  part  to 
the  fact  that  the  personnel  at  present  maintained  is  inadequate  in  number 
to  perform  the  duties  connected  with  the  care  of  the  documents  them- 
selves, and  to  meet  the  frequent  demands,  both  public  and  private,  for 
searches  and  copies. 

All  things  considered,  indeed,  the  work  of  the  Spanish  archivists  will 
bear  comparison  with  that  of  similar  officials  in  more  favored  countries. 
The  considerations  mentioned  above,  the  notorious  neglect  of  past  years 
in  the  keeping  of  public  documents,  their  accumulation  without  a  sem- 
blance of  order  in  cellars  and  store-rooms,  the  political  vicissitudes  of 
Spain  in  the  nineteenth  century,  all  explain  why  the  archival  system  is 
defective.  But  the  maintenance  of  that  condition,  whatever  the  cause,  is 
the  fault,  or  perhaps  the  misfortune,  of  the  Spanish  government,  which 
allots  to  the  most  important  repositories  about  five  hundred  dollars  a  year 
for  the  expense  of  preserving  and  cataloguing  millions  of  documents,  as 


io  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

well  as  for  the  repair  of  buildings  in  which  they  are  housed.  Obviously 
the  consolidation  of  the  scattered  collections  into  a  great  body  of  national 
archives,  like  those  of  France  and  England,  would  enhance  beyond  measure 
their  usefulness  to  the  historical  world.  As  yet,  however,  the  Spanish 
government  has  lacked  either  the  inclination  or  the  resources  to  accom- 
plish so  great  a  work. 

After  this  general  account  of  the  archives  and  of  the  conditions  govern- 
ing their  use,  a  brief  sketch  of  the  system  of  Spanish  colonial  administra- 
tion up  to  the  first  quarter  of  the  nineteenth  century  may  enable  the  inves- 
tigator to  understand  more  clearly  the  methods  of  classification  observed 
in  each  of  the  repositories  described  below,  so  far  as  their  contents  relate 
to  the  former  dominions  of  Spain  in  North  America.  In  the  strict  legal 
sense  the  Spanish  colonies  were  held  to  be  dependencies  of  the  crown  of 
Castile.  They  were  governed  directly  by  the  "Royal  and  Supreme  Council 
of  the  Indies"  (Real  y  Supremo  Consejo  de  Indias),  and  its  various  cham- 
bers (cdniaras)  of  administration. 

In  cases  where  the  government  of  the  colonies  involved  relations  with 
foreign  countries  or  considerations  affecting  Spain  in  some  special  manner, 
cognizance  of  the  affairs  in  question  might  belong  also  to  the  several  coun- 
cils of  State  (Estado),  War  (Guerra),  Marine  (Marina)  and  Finance 
(Hacienda),  according  to  the  nature  of  the  subject.  Subordinate  to  the 
Council  of  the  Indies  was  the  "House  of  Trade"  (Casa  de  Contratacion) 
located  at  Seville  or  at  Cadiz.  To  this  maritime  agency  fell  the  manage- 
ment of  the  commerce  between  Spain  and  the  colonies,  which  was  rendered 
as  exclusive  as  the  smuggling  and  piratical  propensities  of  England  and 
other  European  states  might  allow. 

The  largest  political  division  in  the  colonies  themselves  was  the  vice- 
royalty  (virreinato).  This  in  turn  was  divided  into  "captaincies-general" 
(capitanias  generates)  and  presidencias,  the  jurisdictional  areas  (distritos) 
of  which  coincided  with  those  of  the  audiencias,  or  courts  of  justice  and 
administration.  While  the  viceroy  (virrey)  exercised  the  power  of  civil 
and  military  supervision  over  the  viceroyalty  at  large,  he  was  also  the  civil 
and  military  ruler  (gobcrnador  y  capitan  general)  of  a  particular  district 
and  president  of  its  audiencia  alone.  Viewed  from  this  standpoint  his 
position  differed  in  no  respect  save  rank  or  prestige  from  that  enjoyed  by 
the  official  in  charge  of  any  other  captaincy-general  and  district  of  an 
audiencia  within  the  limits  of  the  viceregal  domain.  The  authority  of  a 
viceroy,  indeed,  bore  some  resemblance  to  that  of  an  archbishop  over  the 
suffragan  bishops  and  his  own  special  diocese  in  an  archiepiscopal  prov- 
ince. A  presidencia  was  a  district  subject  to  the  civil  administration  of  an 
audiencia  directed  by  its  presiding  magistrate  (presidente),  and  having  no 
captain-general.  Often,  however,  a  "captaincy-general"  was  termed  a 


Introduction.  n 

presidencies  in  allusion  to  the  fact  that  the  captain-general  was  also  presi- 
dent of  the  audiencia  located  therein.  Below  the  "captaincies-general," 
presidencias,  and  audiencias  came  a  variety  of  local  districts  known  as 
"governments"  (gobiernos,  gobernaciones) ,  "intendancies"  (intendencias) , 
corregimientos,  and  alcadias  may  ores.  If  a  local  governor  possessed  both 
civil  and  military  power  in  his  gobierno  or  gobernacion,  he  was  called  a 
"governor  and  captain-general"  (gobernador  y  capitan  general)  ;  but  the 
office  must  be  carefully  distinguished  from  that  of  "captain-general"  in  the 
proper  and  larger  sense.  The  name  "province"  (provincia)  was  fre- 
quently employed  as  a  designation  for  a  particular  section  of  country,  and 
had  no  reference  to  any  of  its  administrative  districts.  The  military  and 
ecclesiastical  divisions,  of  course,  coincided,  more  or  less,  with  those  of  a 
political  character. 

All  of  Spanish  North  America,  together  with  the  Spanish  islands  in  the 
West  Indies  and  approximately  what  is  now  Venezuela,  constituted  the 
viceroyalty  of  New  Spain,  having  as  its  capital  the  city  of  Mexico.  At 
various  times  the  viceroyalty  was  divided  into  the  captaincies-general  and 
audiencias  of  Mexico,  Guatemala,  Santo  Domingo,  and  Havana,  and  the 
presidcncia  of  Guadalajara.  In  the  particular  sense,  the  viceroy  of  New 
Spain  was  governor  and  captain-general,  as  well  as  president  of  the 
audiencia,  of  the  district  of  Mexico,  which  comprised  only  the  central  part 
of  the  continental  division  of  the  viceroyalty;  elsewhere  in  the  vice-regal 
domain,  as  above  observed,  his  powers  were  supervisory  in  character. 

Up  to  the  eighteenth  century  the  jurisdictional  area  (distrito)  of  the 
captaincy-general  and  audiencia  of  Santo  Domingo  comprised  all  of  the 
Spanish  islands  in  the  West  Indies,  together  with  Venezuela.  Though 
nominally  belonging  to  this  area,  and  always  so  regarded  in  the  classifica- 
tion of  the  Spanish  archives,  Florida  was  in  reality  under  the  direct  con- 
trol of  the  Council  of  the  Indies,  both  in  judicial  matters  and  in  respect  to 
the  appointment  of  its  local  governor  and  captain-general;  but  in  other 
respects  it  was  subject  to  the  commands  of  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain. 
For  a  few  years,  also,  after  its  cession  from  France,  Louisiana  was  put 
into  the  same  special  category  as  Florida.  The  insurrection  of  1768  led 
to  its  inclusion  in  the  captaincy-general  of  Havana,  which  had  been  made 
independent  shortly  before,  and  to  its  subjection  in  judicial  concerns  to 
the  audiencia  at  Santo  Domingo  till  1795,  and  after  that  date  to  the 
audiencia  at  Havana.  Upon  the  retrocession  of  the  Floridas  to  Spain  in 
1783,  furthermore,  West  Florida  was  joined  to  Louisiana.  Thereafter, 
until  1803,  West  Florida  and  Louisiana  formed  a  single  gobierno  under  a 
local  governor  and  captain-general,  subject  to  his  superior  at  Havana. 
East  Florida  constituted  a  separate  gobierno,  as  did  also  West  Florida 
after  1803,  until  both  provinces  were  acquired  by  the  United  States.  In 


12  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

the  Spanish  archives,  however,  Louisiana  and  Florida  (Luisiana  y  la 
Florida)  are  often  grouped  together,  regardless  of  their  relation  to  Spain 
at  different  times,  and  of  the  division  of  Florida  into  two  provincial  areas. 

The  so-called  "Internal  Provinces"  (Provincias  Internas)  belonging  to 
the  viceroyalty  of  New  Spain  included  the  northern  part  of  the  present 
Mexico,  the  area  of  the  state  of  Texas,  and  the  territories  included  in  the 
Mexican  cessions  to  the  United  States.  The  civil  affairs  of  the  various 
missions  (misiones),  frontier  posts  (presidios),  and  local  government  dis- 
tricts within  the  "Internal  Provinces"  were  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  presidencia,  i.  e.,  audiencia  of  Guadalajara,  but  the  viceroy  himself 
had  charge  of  the  military  administration.  In  the  Spanish  archives  the 
documents  relating  to  those  portions  of  the  former  presidencia  of  Guada- 
lajara which  now  belong  to  the  United  States  are  sometimes  listed  under 
the  names  "Texas"  (Tejas,  los  Tejas),  "New  Mexico"  (Nuevo  Mejico), 
and  "Upper"  or  "New  California"  (Alta  or  Nueva  California)  or  even 
simply  "Calif ornias,"  and  sometimes  under  the  general  designation  "Inter- 
nal Provinces."  If,  however,  the  documents  appear  under  the  caption 
"Internal  Provinces,"  they  are  quite  as  likely  to  concern  the  northern  part 
of  the  present  Mexico  as  they  are  to  concern  the  areas  of  the  United  States 
in  question. 

For  the  papers  in  the  Spanish  archives  relating  to  Florida,  Louisiana, 
Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  Upper  California,  therefore,  search  must  be 
made,  not  only  under  their  respective  names,  but  also  under  the  names  of 
New  Spain,  Mexico,  Santo  Domingo,  Cuba,  Guadalajara,  and  "Internal 
Provinces."  Furthermore,  it  is  quite  possible  that  papers  concerning  the 
United  States  might  be  found  among  the  many  thousands  of  documents 
listed  vaguely  in  the  catalogues,  inventories,  indexes  and  the  like  as  refer- 
ring to  the  "Indies,"  to  "America"  in  general,  to  some  political  division  of 
the  Spanish  colonies  geographically  remote  from  the  United  States,  or  to 
some  obscure  individual,  institution,  or  event.  The  quest  for  such  mate- 
rials in  masses  of  alien  import  has  to  be  undertaken,  of  course,  in  all  cases 
where  their  presence  may  reasonably  be  suspected;  but  the  process  of 
search  is  apt  to  be  a  long  and  a  tedious  one  that  may  yield  no  result  worth 
the  trouble. 


So  far  as  the  scope  of  the  present  Guide  is  concerned,  the  term  "Spanish 
Archives"  has  reference  only  to  the  three  repositories  indicated  on  the 
title  page  —  the  General  Archives  at  Simancas,  the  National  Historical 
Archives  at  Madrid,  and  the  Archives  of  the  Indies  at  Seville  —  which 
contain  the  great  bulk  of  the  hundreds  of  thousands  of  documents  in  Spain 
relating  to  the  history  of  the  United  States.  The  geographical  application 


Introduction.  ij 

of  the  name  "United  States,"  furthermore,  is  confined  to  the  continental 
area  of  that  country. 

The  difficulties  connected  with  the  process  of  search,  the  vast  number 
of  the  papers,  and  the  limited  time  for  investigation  placed  at  the  disposal 
of  the  compiler,  forbid  any  attempt  to  carry  the  actual  description  of  the 
contents  of  the  three  repositories  beyond  the  point  of  indicating  in  a  gen- 
eral way  the  nature  of  the  various  classes  of  documents  that  concern  the 
United  States,  and  of  offering  such  suggestions  as  may  facilitate  the 
examination  of  the  materials  by  the  student  in  detail.  These  circum- 
stances, also,  added  to  a  personal  element  for  which  the  compiler  in  no 
wise  disclaims  responsibility,  may  serve  to  extenuate,  if  they  do  not  excuse, 
the  unevenness  of  treatment  so  conspicuous  at  times. 

The  plan  of  presentation  will  comprise  an  introductory  sketch  of  each 
repository  and  of  its  contents  in  general,  a  statement  of  any  special  rules 
governing  the  use  of  its  documents,  a  bibliography,  and  a  formal  descrip- 
tion of  such  materials  only  as  bear  upon  the  history  of  the  United  States. 
In  this  description  the  main  principle  of  classification  will  be  the  technical 
one  of  sections  as  determined  by  each  repository  for  itself.  Under  each 
section  in  turn,  so  far  as  possible,  the  historical  items  will  be  arranged  in 
chronological  order.  The  term  "Principal  Items,"  as  it  is  employed  in 
the  course  of  description,  does  not  mean  that  the  compiler  has  undertaken 
to  make  a  selection  of  what  he  regards  as  the  most  important  subject  mat- 
ter or  class  of  document  for  purpose  of  mention.  It  merely  indicates  that 
the  data  discoverable  in  the  catalogues,  inventories,  indexes,  and  papeletas, 
as  well  as  the  information  obtained  from  an  examination  of  many  of  the 
individual  papers  or  groups  of  them,  which  concern  the  United  States,  or 
any  part  of  that  country,  have  been  set  down  in  a  digested  form.  A  spe- 
cial sort  of  condensation,  also,  has  been  applied  to  cases  in  which  the  docu- 
ments dealing  with  a  particular  theme  extend  over  a  number  of  years. 
To  avoid  repetition,  the  related  items  have  been  combined  with  others 
more  or  less  extraneous  to  them,  but  falling  within  the  same  period  of 
time.  Such  a  condensation,  however,  has  not  been  attempted  when  its 
employment  might  prove  confusing  to  the  investigator,  or  when  the 
arrangement  of  the  papers  in  any  archival  centre  properly  forbids  it. 


GENERAL  ARCHIVES  OF  SIMANCAS. 
(Archive  General  de  Simancas.) 

Situated  in  a  rolling  and  almost  treeless  country,  at  the  angle  of  a  hill 
on  the  highroad  from  Valladolid  to  Tordesillas,  the  castle  of  Simancas 
stands  at  the  outskirts  of  a  wretched  hamlet  of  that  name  inhabited  only 
by  herdsmen  and  vinedressers.  Altered  and  renovated  without  and 
within,  to  repair  the  ravages  o*f  time  and  to  meet  the  requirements  of  a 
storehouse  of  documents,  the  old  structure  is  still  a  picturesque  pile,  well 
supplied  with  towers  and  battlements,  and  surrounded  by  the  moat  and 
wall  of  a  bygone  age.  Built  in  the  thirteenth  century  on  the  frontier  of 
Castile  and  Leon,  it  was  sold  by  the  admiral  of  Castile  in  1480  to  Ferdi- 
nand and  Isabella,  who  converted  it  into  a  state  prison  for  offenders  of 
high  rank.  Its  proximity  to  Valladolid,  then  the  seat  of  the  royal  court, 
the  security  of  its  lofty  walls,  and  the  comparative  freedom  it  offered  from 
the  danger  of  fire,  commended  the  castle  to  Charles  V.  as  the  proper  repos- 
itory of  the  state  documents.  To  this  end,  in  1540,  the  Emperor  appointed 
an  archivist  to  superintend  the  collection  of  the  papers.  Three  years  later 
the  transmission  of  the  papers  began. 

Charles  V.,  however,  did  little  more  than  to  originate  the  scheme  of 
establishing  the  archives  at  Simancas ;  it  was  his  son,  later  Philip  II.,  who 
made  it  really  effective.  At  Philip's  suggestion  a  royal  edict  was  issued 
in  August,  1545,  deploring  the  neglect,  confusion,  and  ruinous  condition 
of  the  state  papers,  and  denouncing  the  conduct  of  persons,  both  public 
and  private,  who  had  not  obeyed  the  previous  commands  of  the  Crown  on 
this  subject.  All  councils,  tribunals,  monasteries,  municipalities,  and  other 
corporations,  therefore,  as  well  as  private  individuals,  were  ordered  to 
surrender  all  papers  of  a  public  character  which  they  might  have  in  their 
possession.  Useful  work,  nevertheless,  in  gathering  and  assorting  the 
documents,  and  in  adapting  the  interior  of  the  castle  for  their  proper  col- 
location, was  not  done  until  after  1559,  when  Philip  took  up  his  perma- 
nent residence  in  Spain.  Thenceforward  the  task  of  the  archivists  was 
under  his  immediate  supervision. 

By  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century  the  acquisition  of  territories  in 
Europe  and  beyond  the  seas  had  produced  such  an  expansion  of  public 
business,  and  the  multiplication  of  so  many  government  offices,  each  with 
its  own  set  of  archives,  that  the  repository  at  Simancas  could  be  used  no 

15 


/rf  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

longer  as  an  administrative  centre.  Accordingly,  in  1568,  several  years 
after  the  capital  had  been  transferred  from  Valladolid  to  Madrid,  Philip 
ordered  the  various  government  offices  to  send  to  Simancas  "all  papers 
which  by  reason  of  age  were  no  longer  necessary  for  the  knowledge  and 
determination  of  current  affairs."  From  that  time  the  archives  in  the 
castle  began  to  assume  the  more  distinctive  role  of  a  storehouse  of  history 
in  the  making,  although  its  treasures  lay  open  to  such  only  as  obtained  the 
special  permission  of  the  Crown. 

Under  the  succeeding  monarchs  of  the  house  of  Hapsburg  the  careful 
management  of  the  public  archives  lapsed,  and  the  consignment  of  papers 
to  Simancas  became  correspondingly  slow  and  irregular.  With  the  acces- 
sion of  the  Bourbons  an  improvement  in  these  respects  was  noticeable,  and 
a  more  or  less  continuous,  though  disordered,  stream  of  documents  flowed 
into  the  castle  until  checked  by  the  invasion  of  the  French.  In  1809  a 
force  of  French  soldiers  occupied  Simancas,  and  the  spoliation  of  its 
manuscripts  began.  Kellermann,  the  commander  at  Valladolid,  had 
received  orders  from  Napoleon  to  send  to  Paris  the  most  important  his- 
torical papers  in  Simancas,  which  were  to  form  part  of  the  contribution 
of  Spain  to  the  huge  imperial  archives  that  the  Emperor  intended  to  create 
in  his  capital  city.  The  work  of  transmission  was  continued  until  1811, 
when  military  exigencies  brought  it  to  a  close.  In  all,  more  than  two 
hundred  wagon-loads  were  dispatched.  They  contained  some  7,861  bun- 
dles (legajos)  of  the  most  valuable  documents  in  Simancas,  concerning 
chiefly  the  international  relations  of  France  and  Spain  from  the  fourteenth 
century  to  the  eighteenth.  After  the  abdication  of  Napoleon,  the  Spanish 
ambassador  at  Paris  demanded  the  restoration  of  the  papers;  but  on  a 
variety  of  pretexts  the  French  government  declined  to  part  with  283  of 
the  bundles,  and  despite  the  repeated  protests  of  Spain  has  retained  them 
to  the  present  time. 

As  soon  as  the  French  troops  had  left  the  castle  of  Simancas  and  cer- 
tain bands  of  peasant  marauders  who  followed  in  their  wake  had  been 
driven  out,  the  task  was  undertaken  of  reclaiming  the  archives  from  the 
tremendous  confusion  into  which  they  had  fallen.  In  1820,  also,  the  flow 
of  papers  thither  from  the  government  offices  was  resumed  and  continued 
until  1850,  when  the  number  of  legajos  stored  in  the  building  reached 
80,000,  the  approximate  number  of  individual  documents  33,000,000,  and 
all  available  space  in  the  fifty-odd  rooms  had  been  occupied. 

It  is  a  misfortune,  however,  that  this  storehouse  of  historical  wealth 
should  be  so  inaccessible,  and  the  conditions  of  life  about  it  so  primitive, 
that  few  investigators  have  the  hardihood  to  extract  any  of  its  treasures 
in  person.  Simancas  lies  about  7  miles  from  Valladolid,  the  nearest  rail- 


Archives  of  Simancas.  if 

way  station.  To  reach  it  from  this  city  one  must  take  a  stage  which  leaves 
some  time  in  the  afternoon,  or  hire  a  carriage  for  the  purpose.  If  he 
chooses,  the  visitor  may  live  in  Valladolid,  but  since  the  archives  are  open 
only  from  8  a.  m.  to  2  p.  m.,  a  full  use  of  his  time,  and  the  inconveniences 
of  the  transit  between  the  city  and  the  castle,  urge  that  he  should  take  up 
his  residence  in  the  parador,  or  village  inn,  at  Simancas.  Here  the  dis- 
comforts of  accommodation  are  supplemented  by  a  climate  not  altogether 
agreeable,  and  by  the  scarcity  of  local  objects  of  interest  or  means  of 
diversion,  which  might  relieve  the  monotony  that  ensues  after  the  archives 
have  closed  for  the  day. 

Foreign  investigators,  as  well  as  the  Spanish  archivists  and  historians 
themselves,  have  emphasized  repeatedly  the  remoteness  of  the  archives 
and  the  consequent  difficulties  that  beset  their  use.  Not  only  have  they 
condemned  the  inadequate  facilities  for  preserving  the  manuscripts,  and 
the  repellent  conditions  of  a  sojourn  in  the  village  of  Simancas,  but  they 
have  demonstrated,  also,  that  the  documents  in  the  castle  are  not  essen- 
tially different  from  those  to  be  met  with  in  collections  elsewhere  in  Spain. 
For  all  these  reasons  they  have  urged  persistently  that  the  papers  be  trans- 
ferred to  Valladolid,  or  consolidated  with  the  materials  in  the  National 
Historical  Archives  at  Madrid.  To  the  several  pleas,  however,  the  Span- 
ish government  has  replied  that  a  removal  of  the  papers  from  Simancas 
would  awaken  serious  protests,  presumably  from  sentimentalists,  that  a 
suitable  repository  would  be  difficult  to  find,  and  that  in  any  case  no  funds 
for  the  purpose  were  available. 

The  documents  at  Simancas  concern  the  history  of  Spain  from  the  sec- 
ond half  of  the  sixth  century  to  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth ;  but  the  bulk 
of  the  material  lies  between  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  and  the  end  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  Many  of  the  papers  relate  to  the  former  colonial 
dominions  of  Spain.  In  their  number  are  included  those  bearing  on  the 
Inquisition  in  America.  The  papers,  considered  as  a  whole,  are  classified 
according  to  the  great  departments  of  government,  namely,  the  Crown, 
the  councils,  and  the  secretariats.  Each  of  these  parts  is  divided  into  sec- 
tions representing  the  various  agencies  of  administration,  the  nature  of 
the  public  business  transacted,  and  the  persons  and  localities  involved. 
The  lines  of  demarcation  among  the  several  groups,  however,  are  not 
drawn  as  clearly  as  might  be  desired.  Considerations  of  space  or  conve- 
nience of  access  in  the  building,  and  of  the  name  of  the  governmental  body 
from  which  the  papers  came  to  Simancas,  regardless  of  the  question 
whether  they  fell  within  its  sphere  of  action  or  not,  tend  to  complicate  the 
method  of  classification.  Under  the  main  headings,  furthermore,  the 
legajos  are  numbered  consecutively.  This  does  not  imply,  necessarily,  a 


iS  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

strict  chronological,  much  less  an  alphabetical,  sequence:  often  the  order 
of  the  legajos  is  the  one  that  happened  to  be  suitable  at  the  time  when  they 
were  put  together. 

A  series  of  manuscript  inventories,  supplemented  by  a  system  of  paper 
slips  (papeletas),  describe  the  collocation  of  the  legajos.  In  some  of  the 
inventories  a  method  of  double  numbering  prevails.  This  is  due  to  the 
fact,  not  only  that  many  of  the  legajos  have  been  reduced  in  bulk  by  remov- 
ing blank  papers  and  by  folding  the  sheets  out,  but  that  several  at  a  time, 
also,  have  been  placed  in  a  single  pasteboard  case  (carp eta),  to  which  a 
new  number  written  in  red  ink  has  been  assigned.  Many  of  the  libros, 
similarly,  have  been  renumbered  in  blue  ink.  Either  one  of  the  sets  of 
numbers,  the  old  or  the  new,  may  be  used  in  calling  for  a  legajo  or  libro. 
In  this  connection  it  should  be  observed  that  at  Simancas  the  investigator 
is  allowed  to  have  as  many  sets  of  documents  for  examination  at  a  time 
as  he  may  wish,  provided  only  that  while  handling  them  he  keep  the 
sets  distinct.  Nor  is  any  objection  offered  to  a  reasonable  use  of  the 
inventories. 

The  best  printed  guide  to  the  archive  as  a  whole  is  that  by  Diaz  Sanchez, 
a  former  director,  entitled  Guia  de  la  Villa  y  Archive  de  Simancas  (Madrid, 
1885).  In  addition  to  a  historical  sketch  of  the  depository,  it  gives,  not 
without  typographical  errors,  a  general  list  of  the  classes  of  documents  pre- 
served there.  A  work  narrating  at  length  the  history  of  the  archives  is  that 
by  Romero  de  Castilla  y  Peroso,  Apuntes  Historicos  sobre  el  Archivo  Gene- 
ral de  Simancas  (  Madrid,  1873  ) .  For  an  account  of  the  manuscripts  taken 
from  Simancas  and  still  retained  in  part  by  France  the  Bulletins  de  la 
Commission  Royale  d'Histoire,  third  series,  vol.  III.,  No.  1,  and  Diaz 
Sanchez,  op.  cit.,  pp.  47  ff.,  may  be  consulted.  Descriptions,  also,  of  the 
archives  and  of  the  conditions  of  life  at  Simancas  have  been  written  by 
foreign  investigators  such  as  Gachard  in  Correspondance  de  Philippe  II. 
sur  les  Affaires  des  Pays  Bos  (Brussels,  1848),  vol.  I.,  pp,  1-176 ;  Gindely 
in  Archivalische  Zeitschrift,  vol.  VI.  (1881),  p.  263,  and  in  Akten,  Reges- 
ten,  und  Inventorien  aus  dem  Archivo  General  zu  Simancas  (Vienna, 
1890)  ;  Baudrillart  in  Archives  des  Missions  Scientifiques  et  Litteraires, 
third  series,  vol.  XV.,  p.  129,  and  in  Nouvelles  Archives  des  Missions, 
etc.,  vol.  VI.,  p.  377 ;  Boissonade  in  Nouvelles  Archives  des  Missions,  etc., 
vol.  I.,  p.  216 ;  Flammermont  in  the  same,  vol.  VIII.,  p.  457 ;  Desdevises 
du  Dezert  in  Le  Bibliographe  Moderne  for  1901,  p.  26,  and  Bergenroth  in 
the  Calendar  of  Letters,  Despatches,  and  State  Papers,  relating  to  the 
Negotiations  between  England  and  Spain,  preserved  at  Simancas  and 
elsewhere,  1485-1509,  p.  ii, 


Archives  of  Simancas.  /p 

I.     SECRETARIAT  OF  STATE. 
(Secretaria  de  Estado.) 

The  multifarious  collection  of  state  papers  (papeles  de  estado)  com- 
prises : 

1.  The  correspondence  of  the  kings  of  Spain  with  their  relatives,  cour- 
tiers, and  ministers,  their  instructions  to  ambassadors,  their  decrees,  and 
other  royal  acts. 

2.  The  proceedings  and  reports  of  the  Council  of  State,  and  also  its 
correspondence  with  other  governmental  bodies  in  Spain,  with  the  diplo- 
matic and  consular  representatives  of  Spain  in  foreign  countries  and  with 
those  of  foreign  countries  in  Spain,  with  colonial  officials  on  matters  of  a 
more  or  less  international  character,  and  with  private  individuals. 

3.  The  routine  papers  of  the  Spanish  embassies,  legations,  and  consu- 
lates.    In  the  diplomatic  correspondence  proper  three  kinds  of  communi- 
cations appear,  viz. :     ( 1 )  ordinary  dispatches  (despachos,  oficios,  cartas) 
dealing  with  matters  of  routine,  or  with  such  as  required  no  special  form 
of  composition  or  method  of  transmission;  (2)  secret  or  reserved  corre- 
spondence (correspondencia  reservada)  ;  and  letters  of  a  more  or  less  pri- 
vate and  confidential  nature  (cartas  confidenciales),  between  which  and  the 
secret  correspondence  it  is  often  hard  to  distinguish.     The  materials  bear- 
ing upon  the  history  of  the  United  States  in  particular  may  be  found  in 
the  legajos  grouped  under  the  official  sections  (negociados,  negociaciones) 
devoted  to  the  correspondence,  partly  of  the  Council  of  State,  but  mainly 
of  the  Spanish  ambassadors  in  England  and  France. 

General  inventories  of  the  state  papers  are  furnished  in  Diaz  Sanchez, 
Guia,  etc.,  pp.  68  ff.,  and  in  the  "Inventario  manual  de  los  papeles  de  la 
Secretaria  y  Consejo  de  Estado  ....  hasta  el  ano  1700,"  and  "Inven- 
tario manual  de  los  papeles  de  la  primera  Secretaria  de  Estado  y  del 
despacho."  Wherever  they  are  available,  also,  special  inventories  will  be 
mentioned  below  in  their  proper  connection.  None  of  the  papeletas  thus 
far  prepared  has  any  reference  to  the  United  States. 

A.  CORRESPONDENCE  OF  THE  COUNCIL  OF  CASTILE. 
The  official  name  for  this  class  of  documents,  extending  in  date  from 
1404  to  1620,  is  "Crown  of  Castile"  (Corona  de  Castilla).  A  brief  account 
of  the  contents  of  each  legajo  is  given  in  the  "Inventario  razonado  de  los 
papeles  de  estado  de  la  negociacion  de  Espafia:  Corona  de  Castilla." 
Although  the  allusions  to  affairs  in  the  Indies  at  large  are  copious,  only 
two  of  the  entries  refer  specifically  to  any  part  of  the  United  States. 
These  are  a  relation  of  Pedro  Santander  concerning  the  Indies,  dated  in 
1557,  which  deals  with  the  proposition  to  colonize  Florida,  and  a  notice 
of  the  expedition  of  the  French  to  Florida  in  1564. 


*o  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

B.    CORRESPONDENCE  OF  THE  SPANISH  EMBASSY  IN  ENGLAND. 

The  documents  in  this  section  are  divided  into  five  groups,  of  which 
four  are  called  "Negociaciones  de  Inglaterra,"  and  one,  containing  the 
papers  of  most  recent  date,  "Embajada  de  Inglaterra."  For  the  docu- 
ments dated  up  to  1700  there  is  an  "Inventario  razonado  de  los  papeles  de 
estado  de  la  negociacion  de  Inglaterra  ....  hasta  1700,"  which  affords 
some  information  about  the  several  matters  treated  in  each  legajo. 

Another  inventory  of  the  same  sort  for  the  papers  dated  between  1768 
and  1824  is  called  "Secretaria  de  Estado:  Embajada  de  Inglaterra,  Siglo 
XVIII."  The  documents  from  legajo  8184  onward  are  listed,  by  legajo 
headings  merely,  in  a  set  of  sheets  (cuaderno)  sewn  together  and 
labelled  "Inventario  manual  de  los  papeles  de  estado  concernientes  a  la 
legacion  de  S.  M.  en  Londres."  They  extend  in  date  to  1833. 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 

1.  English  and  French  projects  against  Florida ;  the  enterprise  of  Thomas 

Stukely ;  the  visit  of  Ribaut  to  England ;  the  voyage  of  Hawkins ; 
the  value  of  Florida  as  a  province,  etc.     1562-1565. 

2.  The  voyages,  discoveries  and  piratical  exploits  of  Drake  and  other 

English  seamen  in  American  waters;  the  colonizing  venture  of 
Raleigh,  etc.     1570-1587. 

3.  The  colonization  of  Virginia.     Most  of  the  Spanish  documents  relative 

to  the  settlement  of  this  province  between  1606  and  1618  have  been 

printed  in  English  translations  in  Brown,  The  Genesis  of  the  United 

States,  2  vols.  (Boston,  1897).    The  following  are  not  found  there ; 
Report  of  the  Council  of  State,  August  21,  1608,  including  a  paper 

from  Father  Cresuelo,  and  one  by  Colonel  Stanley  on  Virginia  and 

Ireland. 

Letters  of  Pedro  de  Zuniga,  March  15  and  July  28,  1609. 
Report  of  the  Council  of  State  on  letters  from  Alonso  de  Velasco, 

dated  June  18,  1612,  concerning  the  population  of  Virginia. 
Id.,   September   2,    1612,   on   letters    from    the   Marquis   of   Flores 

(Zuniga)  dated  August  1-5,  dealing  with  the  same  topic. 
Id.,  September  20,  1612,  on  letters  from  the  same,  dated  August  16, 

relative  to  the  money  to  be  expended  on  account  of  Virginia. 
Id.,  on  letters  from  Alonso  de  Velasco,  dated  December  14,  1612. 
Letter  of  Alonso  de  Velasco,  March  13,  1613,  relative  to  the  Spanish 

prisoners  in  Virginia. 
Report  of  the  Council  of  State,  September  28,  1613,  on  a  letter  from 

Diego  Sarmiento  de  Acufia  (Gondomar)  and  Alonso  de  Velasco, 

concerning  an  exchange  of  the  prisoners  in  Virginia. 
Id.,  October  31,  1613,  on  letters  from  Sarmiento  de  Acufia  dated 

October  5,  6,  relative  to  an  exchange  of  the  prisoners  in  Virginia, 

and  to  the  construction  of  forts  there  and  in  the  Bermudas. 
Id.,  April  18,  1614,  on  letters  from  the  same  dated  March  17  and  25, 

regarding  the  naval  force  and  the  colonists  that  may  be  sent  to 

Virginia  and  the  Bermudas. 


Archives  of  Simancas.  21 

InTconnection  with  the  early  history  of  Virginia  a  few  other  documents 

of  interest  may  be  cited,  viz. : 
Letter  of  Jacques  Bruneau  to  the  king  of  Spain,  November  12,  1624, 

concerning  the  prohibition  of  the  entry  into  England  of  tobacco  not 

produced  in  Virginia,  and  the  injury  thereby  done  to  the  tobacco 

raised  in  the  Spanish  dominions. 
Report  of  the  Council  of  State,  October  9,  1649,  on  a  letter  of  Alonso 

de  Cardenas,  regarding  the  designs  of  the  English  in  the  Indies, 

the  Virginia  plantations,  and  the  Windward  Isles. 
Reports  of  the  Council  of  State,  November  24,  1676,  January  14  and 

February  7,  1677,  together  with  letters  from  Bernardo  de  Salinas, 

regarding  the  disturbances  in  Virginia. 

4.  Dispatch  of  an  English  squadron  to  America,  and  its  possible  designs 

upon  the  Spanish  Colonies,  1662-1664. 

5.  Symptoms  of  unrest  in  the  English  colonies,  1683-1684. 

6.  The  French  settlement  in  the  Bay  of  Espiritu  Santo,  1686. 

7.  Notice  of  the  fact  that  the  ambassador  Ronquillo  has  sent  the  charts 

and  sailing  routes  of  La  Salle.  Notes  and  proceedings  relative  to 
the  treaty  concluded  between  England  and  France  in  regard  to  the 
commerce  of  America,  1687. 

8.  Possibility  that  the  malcontents  in  the  English  colonies  may  set  up  an 

independent  republic,  1688. 

9.  Projects  of  the  French  in  America,  and  feasibility  of  joint  action 

by  Spain  and  England  to  protect  their  respective  interests  and  to 
drive  out  the  French,  1689-1692. 

10.  Hostilities  of  the  English  in  Florida,  1693. 

11.  The  establishment  of  English  power  in  Florida,  and  the  extension  of 

English  commerce  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  1763-1768.  These 
topics  are  treated  chiefly  in  the  correspondence  of  the  Prince  of 
Maserano,  e.  g. :  Letters  of  the  Prince  of  Maserano  to  the  Marquis 
of  Grimaldi,  March  19,  1764,  sending  two  maps  of  Florida ;  to  Lord 
Halifax,  April  5,  and  to  Grimaldi,  April  6  of  the  same  year,  regard- 
ing the  conduct  of  the  governor  of  Pensacola  and  the  treatment  of 
the  galleon  La  Santisima  Trinidad  after  the  English  had  taken  pos- 
session of  St.  Augustine,  Pensacola,  and  the  territories  ceded  to 
them  in  the  recent  treaty ;  to  Grimaldi,  May  1,  1764,  concerning  the 
troops  that  were  being  sent  to  Florida,  and  the  refusal  of  the 
French  to  allow  them  to  pass  through  Louisiana ;  to  Grimaldi,  June 
12,  1764,  giving  notice  of  the  construction  of  forts  in  Florida,  their 
supply  of  munitions,  etc. 

12.  Revolt  of  the  English  colonies;  the  attempt  of  Spain  to  mediate 

between  England  and  France;  the  declaration  of  war  by  Spain, 
etc.,  1774-1780.  References  to  these  topics  are  scattered  through 
some  20  legajos,  containing  the  correspondence  of  Maserano  and 
Almodovar,  the  ambassadors,  and  of  Escarano,  the  charge  d'af- 
faires. One  legajo  in  particular  is  composed  of  confidential  letters 
of  Almodovar  relating  to  the  events  connected  with  the  outbreak  of 
war.  1779-1780. 


22  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

13.  English  commerce  with  the  United  States;  migration  of  Loyalists  to 

Florida ;  observations  concerning  the  means  for  improving  the  con- 
dition of  Florida;  reflections  about  the  new  republic  called  the 
United  States ;  discontent  in  the  United  States  and  migration  west- 
ward ;  efforts  of  Americans  and  of  Irish  Catholics  to  settle  in  Louis- 
iana and  West  Florida;  the  demands  of  English  landowners  in 
Florida;  the  course  of  the  negotiations  at  Versailles.  1783,  1784. 

14.  Project  to  exchange  Gibraltar  for  East  Florida  or  some  other  colony 

in  Spanish  America.     1783,  1784,  1787. 

15.  Resumption  of  Spanish  control  in  East  Florida  despite  efforts  to  pre- 

vent it;  appointment  of  Gardoqui  as  Spanish  charge  d'affaires  in 
the  United  States ;  cipher  for  the  correspondence  between  Gardoqui 
and  the  Spanish  ambassador  in  London;  American  fortifications 
along  the  Mississippi;  anarchic  conditions  in  the  United  States, 
1784. 

16.  Adjustment  of  expenses  connected  with  the  maintenance  of  English 

and  Spanish  prisoners  during  the  recent  war.     1784-1787. 

17.  Peace  between  the  Spaniards  and  the  Creeks  and  Chickasaws ;  discord 

between  the  Creeks  and  the  Georgians ;  Gardoqui's  presentation  of 
his  credentials  to  Congress;  reflections  concerning  American  com- 
merce; arrival,  presentation,  and  treatment  of  John  Adams  as 
American  minister  in  England;  his  relations  with  the  Spanish 
ambassador.  1785. 

18.  Situation  of  the  Loyalists  in  Florida ;  traffic  of  English  vessels  sailing 

under  the  Spanish  flag  with  Louisiana  and  Florida ;  hostile  designs 
of  the  Americans  in  regard  to  these  provinces.  1786. 

19.  Gardoqui's  account  of  Florida ;  illicit  trade  carried  on  by  the  English 

in  Florida  and  Louisiana ;  reflections  concerning  direct  commercial 
relations  between  the  Spanish  and  the  English  colonies.  1787. 

20.  Reflections  concerning  the  district  of  Kentucky;  warlike  attitude  of 

the  Americans  toward  the  Spanish  possessions  about  the  Missis- 
sippi ;  allowance  of  English  trading  posts  among  the  Indians  in 
Florida ;  Indian  trade  along  the  Mississippi  and  other  rivers.  1788. 

21.  American  projects  against  the  island  of  Juan  Fernandez;  fears  of  an 

invasion  of  Louisiana.     1789. 

22.  The  Nootka  Sound  controversy.     1789-1792. 

23.  English  trade  with  the  Indians  and  the  settlement  of  French  emigres 

in  Florida.     1789-1795. 

24.  Supplies  to  the  Indians  in  Louisiana  and  along  the  Florida  frontier; 

maltreatment  of  an  English  captain  by  the  commander  of  a  Spanish 
squadron  in  the  Bay  of  Florida.  1790. 

25.  Arrival  of  William  Augustus  Bowles  and  his  Indian  followers  in 

London ;  pretensions  concerning  their  supposed  independent  state 
in  Florida.  1791. 

26.  Lawless  deeds  of  Bowles  and  his  Indians  in  Florida ;  his  capture  and 

transportation  to  Spain.     1792. 

27.  Indian  hostilities  along  the  frontiers  of  Florida;  complaints  against 

the  conduct  of  English  traders ;  denial  by  England  that  it  has  any 
share  in  the  disturbances  provoked  by  the  partisans  of  Bowles. 
1792-1793. 


Archives  of  Simancas.  23 

28.  Wisdom  of  allowing  the  English  trade  with  the  Indians  to  continue. 

1794. 

29.  The  treaty  between  Spain  and  the  United  States  and  its  possible  effects 

upon  the  policy  of  England ;  appointment  of  Martinez  de  Yrujo  as 
Spanish  minister  in  the  United  States ;  passports  for  English  ships 
bound  to  Florida.  1795. 

30.  Efforts  of  the  United  States  to  gain  control  of  the  Indian  trade  in 

Florida.     1796. 

31.  Scheme  of  Blount,  Romaine,  and  others  to  concert  measures  with  the 

British  government  looking  to  the  conquest  of  Louisiana  and  West 
Florida,  1799-1800.  This  is  described  in  a  series  of  letters  dated 
May  14-31,  1803,  from  Thomas  Powell,  of  South  Carolina,  to  Jose 
de  Anduaga,  the  Spanish  ambassador  in  London.  Powell's  letter 
of  May  16,  1803,  contains  a  useful  table  of  distances  along  the 
Mississippi  and  the  Ohio  from  New  Orleans  to  Pittsburg. 

32.  Royal  order  expressing  the  great  dissatisfaction  of  the  king  of  Spain 

with  the  sale  of  Louisiana  by  the  French  Republic  to  the  United 
States,  contrary  to  the  treaties  and  to  the  solemn  promise  made  by 
the  French  ambassador,  St.  Cyr.  1803. 

33.  Condition  of  the  naval  and  military  forces  of  the  United  States. 

1809. 

34.  Invasion  of  West  Florida  by  the  United  States,  and  possibility  of 

British  interference  therewith;  attitude  of  Spain  toward  the  War 
of  1812;  proposition  to  sound  the  United  States  about  the  retro- 
cession of  Louisiana  to  Spain.  1810-1814. 

35.  Complaints  of  American  citizens  on  commercial  matters;  cession  of 

Florida  and  claims  connected  therewith.     1815-1822. 

36.  Relations  of  the  United  States  with  the  Spanish-American  insurgents ; 

activities  of  French  refugees  in  regard  to  Mexico;  possibility  of 
joint  action  by  Spain  and  England  against  the  United  States. 
1817-1819. 

37.  Reflections  concerning  the  issue  of  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal  in 

case  war  should  be  declared  between  Spain  and  the  United  States ; 
necessity  for  close  correspondence  between  the  Spanish  minister  in 
England  and  his  colleague  in  the  United  States.  1820. 

38.  Statement  of  Mr.  Rush,  the  United  States  minister,  to  the  Duke  of 

Frias,  the  Spanish  minister,  that  the  United  States  was  disposed  to 
recognize  the  Spanish- American  colonies  as  independent  republics ; 
accomplishment  of  the  act  of  recognition.  1821,  1822. 

39.  Expedition  of  Commodore  Porter  against  the  pirates  in  the  West 

Indies ;  fear  lest  it  be  directed  in  reality  against  the  Spanish  posses- 
sions there.  1823. 


*4  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

C    CORRESPONDENCE  OF  THE  SPANISH  EMBASSY  IN  FRANCE. 

This  remnant  left  by  the  French  despoilers  is  contained  in  some  400 
Icgajos  and  extends  only  from  1705  to  1789.  The  legajos  are  listed  in 
the  "Inventario  manual  de  los  papeles  de  la  primera  Secretaria  de  Estado 
y  del  despacho"  under  the  heading  "Negociado  de  Francia."  Those  con- 
taining documents  dated  between  1746  and  1788  are  cited  by  Flammer- 
mont  in  Nouvelles  Archives  des  Missions  Scientifiques  et  Litteraires,  vol. 
VIIL,  pp.  480  ff.,  who  has  done  little  more  than  to  copy  the  entries  in 
the  inventory  mentioned. 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 

1.  The  cession  of  Louisiana  to  Spain.    1762.     The  documents  relating  to 

this  theme  number  about  40,  and  include  two  royal  autograph  let- 
ters, one  from  Louis  XV.  to  Charles  III.,  dated  November  3,  1762, 
the  other  from  Charles  III.  to  Louis  XV.,  dated  December  2,  1762. 

2.  The  American  Revolution.     1775-1783.    This  topic  is  treated  in  the 

voluminous  correspondence  of  the  Count  of  Aranda  contained  in 
some  35  legajos  and  upwards  of  20  letter-books  (copiadoresf  libros 
enciiadernados  de  despachos  de  la  embajada  de  Espana  en  Francia). 
The  legajos  and  libros  of  special  interest  are  those  labelled :  "Reserved 
correspondence  of  the  Count  of  Aranda  with  the  Marquis  of  Gri- 
maldi  and  the  Count  of  Floridablanca,  concerning  the  proposed 
alliance  of  Spain  and  France  against  England,  1775-1778" ;  "Con- 
fidential letters  of  the  Count  of  Aranda,  1777-1783" ;  and  "Reserved 
correspondence  with  the  Count  of  Floridablanca  from  the  end  of 
November,  1776,  when  he  became  Secretary  of  State,  to  October, 
1787,  when  the  Count  of  Aranda  retired  from  the  embassy  at 
Paris."  In  at  least  215  of  the  individual  documents,  representing 
18  correspondents,  the  compiler  has  noted  allusions  to  the  United 
States.  The  list  includes  11  letters  from  Grimaldi  to  Aranda,  13 
from  Aranda  to  Grimaldi,  91  from  Floridablanca  to  Aranda,  and 
76  from  Aranda  to  Floridablanca. 

II.    SECRETARIAT  OF  WAR  AND  MARINE. 
(Secretaria  de  Guerra  y  Marina.) 

The  papers  belonging  to  this  official  division  extend,  in  date,  to  1706, 
and  are  described  briefly  in  Diaz  Sanchez,  Guia,  etc.,  pp.  123-124.  Except 
for  the  fact  that  the  "Inventario  manual  de  los  papeles  de  la  Secretaria  y 
Consejo  de  Guerra :  de  la  parte  de  mar  y  de  la  de  tierra  ....  hasta  el  ano 
1700"  gives  the  numbers  and  dates  of  the  individual  legajost  its  specifica- 
tions are  quite  as  general  as  those  in  the  printed  guide.  Among  the  hun- 
dreds of  thousands  of  documents  thus  classified  there  may  be  references 
to  those  portions  of  the  United  States  which  were  formerly  under  Spanish 
rule,  but  this  could  be  determined  only  by  an  examination  of  each  of  the 
4,000-odd  legajos  comprised  in  the  division. 


Archives  of  Simancas.  25 

III.    SECRETARIAT  OF  WAR. 

(Secretaria  de  Guerra.) 

Under  this  head  are  grouped  the  documents  concerning  military  mat- 
ters from  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century  to  about  1808,  though  a 
few  extend  up  to  1830.  The  account  of  them  given  in  Diaz  Sanchez, 
Guia,  etc.,  is  fairly  detailed,  and  the  same  is  true  of  the  "Inventario  manual 
de  los  papeles  del  archive  de  la  Secretaria  de  Estado  y  del  despacho  de 
la  guerra:  siglo  XVIII."  The  papers  relating  to  the  United  States  are 
arranged  under  the  following  heads,  viz. :  The  Floridas  and  Louisiana ; 
New  Spain;  the  Indies  in  general  (Generalidad  de  Indias)  ;  Certificates  of 
Service  (Hojas  de  Servicio). 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 
A.  THE  FLORIDAS  AND  LOUISIANA. 

1.  The  conquest  of  Mobile  and  the  English  posts  along  the  Mississippi; 

rewards  for  service  in  these  military  operations,  etc.  1779-1785. 
The  conquest  of  Mobile  in  particular  is  described  in  the  "Diario 
que  yo  Don  Bernardo  de  Galvez,  Brigadier  de  los  Reales  exercitos, 
Governador  de  la  Provincia  de  la  Luisiana,  y  encargado  por  S.  M. 
de  la  expedizion  contra  Panzacola  y  Mobila  formo  de  los  aconte- 
cimientos  que  ocurren  en  ella."  Other  documents  on  the  theme 
give  the  articles  of  capitulation,  a  description  of  munitions  of  war 
in  Fort  Charlotte,  and  lists  of  dead,  wounded  and  prisoners. 

2.  The  conquest  of  Pensacola ;  disagreement  between  Galvez  and  the  offi- 

cials at  Havana;  the  rebellion  at  Natchez;  project  of  co-operation 
with  the  French  naval  forces  in  the  West  Indies,  etc.  1780-1784. 
Among  the  documents  of  interest  may  be  cited  those  entitled : 

"Diario  de  las  operaciones  de  la  Expedicion  contra  la  Plaza  de 
Panzacola,  concluida  por  las  Armas  de  S.  M.  C.  bajo  las  ordenes 
del  Mariscal  de  Campo,  D.  Bernardo  de  Galvez." 

"Relacion  de  las  Fortificaciones  provisionales,  Quarteles,  Pabell- 
ones,  Casa  de  Gobierno  Politico,  Almacenes,  y  demas  edificios  que 
pertenecen  al  Key,  y  de  la  estimacion  prudencial  de  cada  uno  segun 
el  actual  estado." 

"Representation  que  ha  hecho  el  Mariscal  de  Campo  Dn  Ber- 
nardo de  Galvez,  Gobernador  de  la  Luisiana,  en  que  expone  indivi- 
dualmente  y  justifica  con  documentos  las  ocurrencias  verificadas 
con  los  Generales  de  la  Havana,  desde  antes  de  la  declaration  de 
Guerra  hasta  el  27  de  Noviembre  de  1780,  sobre  las  expediciones 
de  la  Movila  y  Panzacola." 

And  the  articles  of  capitulation  arranged  between  Galvez  and 
Chester. 

3.  Data  (fechos)  relative  to  the  military  organization  of  the  provinces; 

machinations  of  O'Fallon  and  the  Yazoo  companies,  and  informa- 
tion thereon  given  by  Wilkinson  (1791J;  career  of  Bowles  up  to 


26  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

the  time  of  his  capture  at  New  Orleans  in  1792 ;  American  designs 
upon  Louisiana ;  relations  with  the  Indians ;  complaint  by  the  bishop 
of  Louisiana  against  the  moral  deterioration  of  the  inhabitants  due 
to  the  presence  of  American  sectaries  and  adventurers ;  means  for 
safeguarding  the  provinces;  indexes  to  official  correspondence. 
The  documents  referring  to  these  matters  are  contained  in  17 
legajos,  and  dated  1787-1800. 

4.  Proposition  to  erect  the  Floridas  and  Louisiana  into  a  captaincy-general 

independent  of  the  government  of  Cuba;  rumors  of  an  attack  on 
Louisiana  by  the  British  from  Canada.  1793-1802. 

5.  "Causa  voluminosa  sobre  sublevacion  de  la  Luisiana  principiada  por 

algunos  bandidos  anglo-americanos,  y  apoyada  por  varies  naturales 
franceses."  1795-1799.  This  is  a  set  of  judicial  proceedings 
(autos)  carried  on  at  St.  Augustine  and  Havana  against  8  members 
of  a  band  of  50  or  more  Americans,  Frenchmen,  and  Indians  who 
had  invaded  East  Florida  from  the  direction  of  the  St.  Mary's 
River,  and  had  made  an  attack  on  Port  St.  Nicholas  in  July,  1795. 
The  records  are  preserved  in  four  manuscript  volumes,  aggregat- 
ing 3,128  pages. 

B.  NEW  SPAIN. 

The  documents  under  this  head  are  arranged  in  98  legajos,  dated  1748- 
1802,  and  relate  to  military  affairs  in  the  viceroyalty  at  large.  Special 
items  may  be  mentioned  as  follows: 

1.  Correspondence  and  expedientes  concerning  the  province  of  Texas. 

1782-1800.  The  papers  concern  chiefly  the  administration  of 
Manuel  Mufioz  in  1792. 

2.  Correspondence  of  the  governors  of  the  Internal  Provinces.     1785- 

1800. 

3.  Expediente  regarding  the  division  of  the  Internal  Provinces  of  New 

Spain;  suppression  of  the  office  of  commandant-inspector  and  of 
the  powers  of  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain  over  those  provinces. 
1786-1799. 

4.  Correspondence  with  the  commandant-general  of  the  Internal  Prov- 

inces, and  with  the  governors  of  the  Californias,  Coahuila,  etc., 
1787-1800.  Much  of  it  concerns  the  petitions  of  officers  who 
wished  to  be  relieved  of  duty,  to  be  transferred  to  other  posts,  to 
be  rewarded  for  their  services,  or  to  be  sent  to  Spain. 

5.  Musters  for  inspection  (reznstas  de  inspeccidn)  in  the  Internal  Prov- 

inces.    1788-1805. 

6.  Data  concerning  rewards,  discharges,  pensions  (premios,  retires,  invali- 

dos)  and  other  military  matters  in  the  Internal  Provinces,  20  lega*- 
jos.  1789-1800. 

7.  Expediente  regarding  complaints  and  disagreements  between  the  com- 

mandant-general of  the  Internal  Provinces  and  the  governor  of 
Coahuila.  1792. 

8.  Expediente  concerning  the  official  relations  of  the  commandant-general 

of  the  Internal  Provinces  with  the  audiencia  of  Guadalajara.     1799. 


Archives  of  Simancas.  27 

C.  THE  INDIES  IN  GENERAL. 

Two  legajos  contain  administrative  details  concerning  the  projected 
expedition  to  America  commanded  by  D'Estaing  (1782-1783)  ;  and  data 
relative  to  the  proposed  invasion  of  Louisiana  and  Florida  by  the  French 
(1793-1795). 

D.  CERTIFICATES  OF  SERVICE. 

Included  under  this  head  are  six  legajos  that  contain  certificates  of 
service  and  ranking  lists  (listas  de  antigiiedad)  of  officers  in  the  presidios 
of  the  Californias,  New  Mexico,  and  Texas  (1787-1800),  and  of  those 
belonging  to  various  regiments  in  Louisiana  and  West  Florida  (1787- 
1799)  ;  musters  for  inspection  in  Louisiana  (1787-1806)  ;  and  corre- 
spondence relative  to  the  expeditions  of  Bernardo  de  Galvez  (1780-1782). 

IV.     SECRETARIAT  OF  MARINE. 

(Secretaria  de  Marina.) 

The  information  given  in  Diaz  Sanchez,  Guia,  etc.,  pp.  103  ff.,  and  in 
the  "Inventario  de  los  papeles  de  la  Secretaria  de  Estado  y  del  despacho 
de  marina"  is  of  too  general  a  nature  to  determine  whether  any  of  the 
documents  embraced  in  this  official  division,  which  is  devoted  mainly  to 
the  eighteenth  century,  concern  the  United  States.  It  is  improbable  that 
many  of  them  do  so.  An  inspection  of  the  contents  of  25  legajos  given 
over  to  the  share  of  Spain  in  the  war  with  England,  1779-1783,  for  exam- 
ple, reveals  a  variety  of  administrative  details  relating  to  the  organization, 
equipment,  and  movements  of  fleets  and  privateers,  as  well  as  accounts  of 
naval  engagements,  the  prizes  and  prisoners  taken  and  the  like,  but  the 
materials  present  the  European,  rather  than  the  American,  aspects  of  the 
struggle. 

V.    OLD  COUNCIL,  SECRETARIAT,  AND  BOARDS,  OF  FINANCE. 

(Antiguo  Consejo,  Secretaria  y  Juntas  de  Hacienda.) 

This  collection  of  papers,  which  range  in  date  from  1407  to  1717,  is 
described  briefly  in  Diaz  Sanchez,  Guia,  etc.,  p.  108.  It  is  listed  by 
legajos  in  an  "Inventario  del  Consejo  de  la  Secretaria  de  Hacienda"  con- 
sisting of  four  sets  of  sheets  sewn  together  and  inclosed  between  heavy 
pasteboard  covers.  The  entries  in  the  inventory  give  little  more  than  the 
technical  classification  peculiar  to  this  branch  of  administration.  The 
only  direct  reference  to  any  part  of  the  United  States  is  the  following: 
"Relacion  de  los  navios,  gente,  bastimentos,  artilleria,  etc.,  que  el  Adelan- 
tado  Pedro  Menendez  de  Aviles  llevo  en  su  armada  para  la  conquista  de  la 
Florida:  ano  de  1565." 


*8  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

VI.     SECRETARIAT   OF  FINANCE. 

(Sccretaria  de  Hacienda.) 

In  the  description  furnished  by  Diaz  Sanchez,  Guia,  etc.,  pp.  109  ff.,  and 
by  the  inventory  of  the  treasury  papers  of  the  eighteenth  century  entitled 
"(Inventario  de  los  papeles  de  la]  Secretaria  y  Superintendencia  de 
Hacienda :  siglo  XVIII.,"  the  item  seemingly  of  interest  for  the  history  of 
the  United  States  is  that  which  has  to  do  with  the  finances  of  the  war  of 
1779-1783.  The  contents  of  11  legajos  at  least  are  devoted  to  matters  of 
taxation,  the  acquisition  of  loans,  the  expenditure  for  military  and  naval 
purposes,  and  the  various  technical  details  of  the  financial  service  during 
the  period  in  question.  What  has  been  stated  above,  however,  in  regard 
to  the  papers  of  the  Secretariat  of  Marine,  so  far  as  they  bear  upon  the 
United  States,  applies  with  equal  force  to  this  class  of  documents  also. 

VII.    OFFICE  OF  THE  CONTROLLER  OF  THE  BULL  OF  THE 

CRUSADE. 

(Contaduria  de  Cruzada.) 

The  list  of  37  legajos  mentioned  in  the  "Inventario  de  la  Contaduria  de 
Cruzada"  as  containing  papers  relative  to  the  Indies  alludes  once  to  Flor- 
ida. The  document  referred  to  is  an  undated  copy  of  a  report  concerning 
the  distribution  of  the  bulls  of  the  crusade  which  had  been  sent  to  that 
province. 

VIII.    INQUISITION  OF  ARAGON  AND  CASTILE. 

(Inquisicion   de  Aragon  y  Castilla.) 

Within  the  various  sections  of  this  group  of  documents  referring  to  the 
Inquisition,  both  in  Spain  and  in  her  colonial  dominions,  as  described  in 
Diaz  Sanchez,  Guia,  etc.,  pp.  226  ff.,  and  in  the  "Inventario  de  libros 
encuadernados  correspondientes  al  suprimido  Consejo  de  Inquisicion," 
there  is  no  specific  reference  to  any  part  of  the  United  States.  If  any 
documents  on  the  theme  exist,  they  must  be  sought  for  chiefly  in  the  72 
legajos  labelled  "New  Spain"  or  "Mexico." 


NATIONAL  HISTORICAL  ARCHIVES. 

(Archive  Historico-Nacional.) 

In  marked  contrast  to  the  storage  of  historical  manuscripts  in  mediaeval 
castles,  episcopal  palaces,  merchants'  exchanges,  and  other  renovated 
structures  of  bygone  times,  the  great  collection  called  the  "National  His- 
torical Archives"  occupies  13  or  more  rooms  on  the  second  floor  of  the 
right  wing  of  the  National  Library  (Biblioteca  Nacional),  a  sumptuous 
modern  edifice  situated  on  the  Paseo  de  Recoletos,  one  of  the  finest  ave- 
nues in  Madrid.  Its  foundation  in  1850  was  due  to  the  initiative  of  the 
Royal  Academy  of  History,  which  had  obtained  from  the  government  an 
order  to  deposit  in  its  library  the  documents  pertaining  to  certain  sup- 
pressed monasteries.  Though  dignified  in  1866  with  its  present  designa- 
tion, and  enlarged  by  consignments  of  papers  relating  to  the  military 
orders  and  to  various  ecclesiastical  bodies,  the  collection  maintained  a 
feeble  and  obscure  existence  in  a  few  small  rooms  in  the  building  of  the 
Royal  Academy  of  History  till  1896,  when  it  suddenly  rose  to  light,  space, 
and  usefulness  by  being  transferred  to  its  present  location. 

As  the  accumulation  of  documents  from  various  centres,  governmental 
and  otherwise,  has  steadily  increased,  the  National  Historical  Archives 
have  assumed  something  of  the  character  which  the  name  might  suggest, 
although  they  are  far  from  possessing  the  completeness  of  the  Archives 
Nationales  at  Paris  or  the  Public  Record  Office  in  London.  Rather  do 
they  represent  an  ideal  that  seems  to  have  but  a  remote  prospect  of  realiza- 
tion. In  truth  the  National  Historical  Archives  should  be  regarded  as 
merely  the  complement  and  supplement,  in  point  of  size,  extent,  and 
variety,  of  the  huge  collection  at  Simancas. 

Among  the  multifarious  contents  of  the  repository  might  be  mentioned 
the  mass  of  state  papers  transferred  thither  from  the  "Archive  General 
Central"  at  Alcala  de  Henares,  and  the  copious  body  of  documents  relat- 
ing to  the  former  councils  of  government,  including  that  of  the  Indies,  to 
the  Inquisition  of  Toledo  and  Valencia,  to  the  military  and  religious 
orders,  to  extinct  universities  and  collegiate  institutions,  to  ecclesiastical 
establishments,  and  to  the  Jesuit  missions  in  America  and  the  Philippines. 
The  National  Historical  Archives,  furthermore,  have  been  converted  into 
an  official  place  of  storage  for  many  administrative  documents  that  belong 
properly  in  the  "Archivo  General  Central,"  for  state  papers  of  quite  recent 

29 


jo  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

date,  and  for  many  tons  of  records  emanating  from  the  former  Ministry 
of  the  Colonies  (Ministerio  de  Ultramar).  This  class  of  state  papers, 
naturally,  will  not  become  accessible  to  the  public  until  the  lapse  of  time 
permits  their  use.  The  colonial  documents  concern  Cuba,  Porto  Rico, 
and  the  Philippines  especially  during  the  nineteenth  century.  They  are 
classified  under  geographical  headings  and  subdivided  according  to  depart- 
ments of  administration.  If  their  date  is  subsequent  to  1850  they  are 
subject  to  the  same  restriction  as  that  resting  upon  the  use  of  the  later 
state  papers. 

The  general  classification  and  arrangement  of  the  papers  in  the  National 
Historical  Archives  differ  in  no  essential  respect  from  those  observed  in 
the  repository  at  Simancas.  Catalogues  of  certain  groups  of  manuscript 
pertaining  to  the  orders  of  knighthood,  to  the  Inquisition,  and  to  the  con- 
ventual establishments  have  been  printed.  An  extensive  series  of  pape- 
letas  deals  with  the  same  sort  of  documents  as  the  printed  catalogues,  and 
also  with  the  former  councils  of  government  and  the  state  papers.  Manu- 
script inventories  of  general  reference  are  furnished  in  the  "Indice  per- 
sonal del  cuerpo  diplomatico,  consejos,  hidalguias,  titulos  de  grandeza,  y 
nunciatura  apostolica"  and  the  "Cedulario  Indico,"  both  of  which  cover 
the  period  from  the  sixteenth  century  to  the  nineteenth.  The  former  is  a 
kind  of  Almanack  de  Gotha  and  diplomatic  register  in  the  form  of  pape- 
letas  provided  with  names  and  dates.  The  latter  is  a  collection  in  41 
volumes  of  copies  of  royal  decrees  (reales  cedulas)  relating  to  the  admin- 
istration of  the  Indies.  Among  the  copies  there  is  no  fixed  order,  chrono- 
logical or  other.  They  are  indexed  alphabetically  in  some  24  volumes 
styled  collectively  "Diccionario  de  gobierno  y  legislation  de  Indias :  Norte 
de  los  acertamientos  y  actos  positives  de  la  experiencia." 

As  is  natural  to  frequented  archives  in  a  populous  capital,  a  somewhat 
more  bureaucratic  atmosphere  pervades  the  management  of  the  National 
Historical  Archives  than  is  needed  at  Simancas.  Here  the  investigator 
will  find  that  the  regulations  governing  the  consultation  of  inventories  and 
the  use  of  the  documents  are  likely  to  be  more  strictly  enforced.  The 
archives  are  open  daily  from  8  a.  m.  to  2  p.  m.,  except  during  the  summer 
months,  when  the  time  for  opening  and  closing  the  repository  is  fixed  at 
one  hour  earlier. 

No  extensive  description  of  the  National  Historical  Archives  exists  in 
print.  Brief  accounts  of  the  collection,  however,  are  given  by  Vignau  y 
Ballester  in  El  Archive  Histdrico-Nacional  (Madrid,  1898)  ;  by  Barrau- 
Dihigo  in  the  Revue  des  Bibliotheques  for  1900,  p.  1 ;  and  by  Desdevizes 
du  Dezert  in  Le  Bibliographe  Moderne  for  1901,  pp.  19,  157. 


National  Historical  Archives.  31 

I.    STATE  PAPERS. 
(Papclcs  de  Estado.) 

Of  the  thirteen  official  sections  into  which  the  National  Historical 
Archives  are  divided,  the  "Papeles  de  Estado"  form  the  only  class  of 
documentation  which  concerns  the  United  States.  In  general  the  collec- 
tion is  supposed  to  be  a  continuation  of  the  series  preserved  under  a 
similar  designation  at  Simancas.  The  chronological  range  of  the  papers, 
however,  from  approximately  1500  to  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury, causes  the  materials  in  the  two  repositories  to  overlap  each  other. 
While  no  absolute  line  of  demarcation  can  be  fixed,  it  would  seem  that, 
as  a  rule,  the  state  papers  in  the  National  Historical  Archives  dated  sub- 
sequent to  1750  are  more  numerous  and  important  than  those  found  at 
Simancas  covering  this  later  period.  Sometimes  the  original  documents 
are  in  Simancas  and  the  copies  or  extracts  of  them  in  the  National  His- 
torical Archives,  but  the  contrary  is  often  the  case.  Owing  to  the  dis- 
tance between  the  two  repositories,  and  to  the  lack  of  printed  guides  of 
a  detailed  sort,  comparison  between  their  respective  collections  is  difficult. 
The  legajos  in  the  National  Historical  Archives,  furthermore,  are  not  so 
well  preserved  as  they  are  in  the  repository  at  Simancas,  and  some  of 
them,  for  the  sake  of  convenience  in  handling,  have  been  divided  into  two 
or  more  "sub-legajos,"  so  to  speak,  bearing  the  same  shelf-number,  but 
lettered  A,  B,  C,  etc. 

For  the  consultation  of  the  "state  papers"  there  is  a  very  incomplete 
series  of  papeletas.  Their  general  arrangement  is  by  countries  or  local- 
ities, topics,  and  names  of  individuals,  classified  in  turn  according  to  the 
numerical  and  chronological  order  of  the  legajos,  and  to  the  alphabetical 
order  of  the  expedientes  that  these  may  contain,  and  provided  in  most 
cases  with  the  appropriate  dates.  The  three  forms  of  classification, 
numerical,  chronological,  and  alphabetical,  do  not  always  appear,  nor  do 
the  citations  of  the  dates  and  the  shelf-numbers  of  the  legajos  given  in  any 
one  form  agree  necessarily  with  those  of  another. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  relations  between  Spain  and  the  United 
States  required  a  searching  investigation  of  the  documents  in  the  archives 
of  the  several  offices  of  government  in  order  to  substantiate  Spanish 
claims  of  various  kinds,  the  series  of  papeletas  referring  to  the  United 
States  are  far  more  extensive  in  number  and  elaborate  in  specification 
than  those  dealing  with  the  European  countries.  On  the  other  hand,  they 
are  correspondingly  more  confused  in  their  arrangement  and  in  the  indi- 
cations which  they  afford.  Primarily  these  papeletas  are  classified  in  a 
four-fold  fashion  under  the  following  heads :  "Estados  Unidos" ;  "Esta- 
dos  Unidos:  correspondencia  diplomatica  sobre  asuntos  varies  referentes 
a  dicha  nacion" ;  "Papeles  de  la  legacion  de  Espana  en  los  Estados  Uni- 


$2  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

dos" ;  and  "Correspondencia  de  la  legation  de  Espafia  en  los  Estados  Uni- 
dos."  The  first  three  classes  list  the  correspondence  of  the  Spanish  lega- 
tion and  consulates  in  the  United  States  and  France,  England,  and  other 
European  countries,  of  the  American  legation  and  consulates  in  Spain,  of 
the  Councils  of  State,  War,  Marine,  Treasury,  and  the  Indies,  and  the 
members  of  each,  and  finally  of  colonial  officials  and  private  individuals, 
all  of  it  being  supposed  to  bear  in  some  way  on  the  United  States.  The 
fourth  class,  for  the  most  part,  deals  with  the  regular  correspondence  of 
the  Spanish  legation  and  consulates  in  the  United  States,  but  it  covers 
practically  the  same  subjects  as  the  others  for  the  same  period  of  time. 
No  clear-cut  distinction  among  the  four  sets  of  documents,  therefore, 
according  to  either  their  official  origin,  their  subject-matter,  or  their 
dates,  is  possible.  Often  the  material  in  a  given  expediente  may  be  drawn 
from  a  variety  of  official  sources,  but  it  does  not  follow  that  all  of  the 
material  on  the  theme  is  in  that  expediente.  As  to  the  number  of  the 
legajos  and  their  inclusive  dates  connected  with  each  of  the  four  classes 
of  papeletas,  it  may  be  said  that  there  are  approximately  60  of  the  first 
class,  dated  1712-1833 ;  40  of  the  second  class,  dated  1740-1813 ;  56  of 
the  third  class,  dated  1795-1857 ;  and  39  of  the  fourth  class,  dated  1801- 
1850. 

The  expedientes  and  other  bodies  of  documents  in  the  four  groups  are 
classified  in  two  lists,  the  one  alphabetical  and  the  other  chronological,  in 
neither  of  which  is  the  order  always  consecutive.  Frequently,  also,  the 
reference  to  an  expediente  when  looked  up  in  the  legajo  concerned  reveals 
no  more  than  a  slip  bearing  the  title  of  such  a  group  of  papers,  while  the 
actual  documents  may  be  in  some  other  legajo.  Some  of  the  legajos  pre- 
sumed to  contain  allusions  to  the  United  States  are  quite  bereft  of  such 
references,  and  others  not  listed  in  the  papeletas  of  this  section  may  have 
documents  of  such  import.  The  number  of  the  latter  is  small.  They  may 
be  found  listed  in  the  papeletas  under  the  names  of  the  principal  indi- 
viduals concerned  in  any  historical  transaction,  and,  in  a  few  cases,  under 
the  names  of  the  several  geographical  areas  of  the  United  States  which 
were  formerly  subject  to  Spain.  Within  each  legajo,  moreover,  the  docu- 
ments referring  to  the  United  States  may  occupy  part  or  all  of  it ;  and  the 
dates  of  the  papers  may  be  successive,  or  gaps  may  exist  among  them. 
All  of  the  documents  bearing  on  a  given  topic,  or  belonging  to  a  particular 
set  of  correspondence,  may  be  found  in  a  single  legajo  or  they  may  be 
scattered  through  several  of  them,  some  consecutively  numbered,  others 
numbered  wide  apart.  Indeed,  the  shelf-numbers  of  the  200  legajos, 
approximately,  which  are  listed  in  the  section  devoted  to  the  United 
States,  and  to  the  several  areas  of  it  mentioned  above,  range  all  the  way 
from  94  to  6175. 


National  Historical  Archives.  Jj 

Under  such  conditions  it  is  difficult  to  select  a  plan  of  description  that 
will  not  be  as  confusing  as  the  arrangement  itself  of  the  state  papers  in 
the  National  Historical  Archives.  The  scheme  of  presentation  which 
suggests  the  most  utility  to  the  investigator  is  that  of  grouping  the  con- 
tents of  the  official  section  relating  to  the  United  States  in  chronological 
order,  for  the  most  part  legajo  by  legajo,  of  assigning  to  each  legajo  the 
inclusive  dates  of  the  papers  comprised  within  it,  and  of  giving  a  more  or 
less  brief  statement  of  the  subject-matter.  Repetition,  of  course,  is  una- 
voidable. Many  of  the  separate  documents  and  expedientes,  also,  concern 
the  affairs  of  private  individuals  or  matters  of  official  routine  like  the 
issue  of  passports.  As  they  possess  little  or  no  historical  value  no  refer- 
ence to  them  will  be  made  in  the  account  that  follows.  They  may  be 
found  in  the  alphabetical  series  of  papeletas  under  the  appropriate  names. 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 

1.  Documents  relative  to  the  progress  of  French  settlement  along  the 

Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  to  the  encroachments  of  the  French  from 
Louisiana  on  the  province  of  Texas.  1712-1719. 

2.  Correspondence  of  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain,  the  governor  of  Texas, 

and  others,  royal  orders,  reports  of  the  Council  of  State,  etc.,  con- 
cerning the  encroachments  of  the  French  from  Louisiana  on  the 
provinces  of  Texas  and  New  Mexico.  1737-1757. 

3.  Correspondence  of  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain  and  others  concerning 

the  intrusion  of  French  adventurers  from  Louisiana  into  the  prov- 
inces of  Texas  and  New  Mexico.  1751-1754. 

4.  Documents  (1762-1764)  relative  to  the  cession  of  Louisiana  to  Spain. 

They  include : 

A  few  letters  of  Wall  and  Grimaldi  concerning  the  cession  proper, 
the  return  to  Louisiana  of  certain  French  Capuchins,  and  the  reten- 
tion of  French  troops  in  the  province  until  Spain  was  ready  to  take 
possession. 

A  note  of  Kerlerec  in  regard  to  the  French  officers  in  Louisiana,  and 
a  memorial  by  the  same,  discussing  the  administration  of  the 
province. 

Several  reports  and  memorials  of  an  official  named  Villemont  con- 
cerning the  government,  population,  and  commerce  of  Ixjuisiana. 

An  account  by  Julian  de  Arriaga  of  the  unfortunate  plight  of  the 
people  of  New  Orleans  in  1761,  the  scarcity  of  provisions,  etc. 

A  treatise  by  one  Le  Moine  on  the  kind  of  goods  that  should  be  pur- 
chased for  the  use  of  the  Indians. 

Various  papers  relative  to  the  Indian  tribes  in  the  province  or  its 
vicinity,  and  to  the  commercial  possibilities  of  Louisiana. 

Copies  of  papers  concerning  the  cession  of  Eastern  Louisiana  to  the 
English. 

A  series  of  suggestions  offered  by  one  Felipe  de  Urasi  regarding  the 
policy  that  Spain  should  observe  in  establishing  her  power  in  the 
new  colony. 


j^  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

5.  Correspondence  of  Choiseul,  Magallon,  Fuentes,  Wall,  and  Grimaldi, 

concerning  the  cession  of  Louisiana  to  Spain,  and  the  reasons  for 
the  delay  of  Spain  in  taking  possession  of  that  province.  1763- 
1765. 

6.  Documents  (1764-1796)  relating  to: 

e  situation  in  Louisiana  (1764). 

e  establishment  of  garrisons  along  the  northern  frontier  of  New 

Spain  (1765-1772;. 
The  dispatch  of  a  public  physician  to  Louisiana  (1771). 
The  mission  of  Pollock  in  Havana  (1784). 
The  promotion  of  emigration  to  Louisiana  (1785-1789). 
Commercial  relations  of  Spain  with  the  United  States  (1786-1796). 
The  contract  between  the  Spanish  government  and  the  English  firm 

of  Panton,  Leslie  and  Co.  regarding  the  Indian  trade  in  the  Flori- 

das  (1790). 
The  activities  of  O'Fallon  in  behalf  of  the  schemes  of  the  Yazoo 

companies,  and  the  counteracting  efforts  of  Wilkinson  and  Sebas- 
tian (1790-1791). 
The  appointment  of  a  Spanish  agent  among  the  Creeks  (1792-1793). 

7.  Documents  (1764-1799)  concerning: 

The  appointment  of  a  Spanish  agent  to  purchase  supplies  in  Holland 

for  the  Indians  of  Louisiana  and  the  Floridas  (1764). 
The  expedition  of  Mesieres  from  Natchitoches  to  San  Antonio  de 

Bejar  (1780). 

The  sending  of  Acadians  to  Louisiana  (1783-1785). 
The  Indian  trade  in  Louisiana  and  the  Floridas  (1784-1789). 
The  plans  of  Gardoqui  and  others  for  the  dispatch  of  emigrants  to 

Louisiana  (1788-1789). 
The  settlement  of  New  Madrid  (1789-1790). 
The  defenceless  condition  of  Louisiana  and  the  Floridas  (1797). 
The  petition  of  Yrujo  for  lands  on  which  to  found  a  settlement  on 

the  right  bank  of  the  Mississippi  (1799). 

8.  Documents  (1764-1800)  relative  to: 

A  report  from  d'Abbadie  concerning  military  and  other  stores  in 

Louisiana  (1764). 
The  commercial  relations  of  Spain  and  the  United  States   (1780- 

1800). 
The  appointment  of  an  agent  in  La  Rochelle  for  the  sending  of  Ursu- 

line  nuns  to  New  Orleans  (1784). 
An  inquiry  from  Bernardo  de  Galvez  as  to  the  precise  boundaries  of 

Louisiana  and  the  Floridas  (1784). 
The  proposed  attack  by  George  Rogers  Clark  on  the  fort  of  Natchez 

(1787). 

The  promotion  of  emigration  to  Louisiana  (1787). 
The  instructions  given  to  the  commandant  at  Natchez  in  view  of  a 

projected  expedition  thither  of  Americans  (1789). 
The  establishment  of  New  Madrid,  and  the  assignment  of  lands  at 

that  place  (1790). 
A  petition  of  Gayoso  de  Lemos  for  appointment  as  governor  of 

Louisiana  and  West  Florida  (1790), 


National  Historical  Archives.  35 

The  relations  of  McGillivray  and  the  Creeks  with  the  government  at 

New  Orleans  (1791-1792). 

The  treaty  between  Spain  and  the  Choctaws  (1792). 
The  petition  of  Carondelet  for  appointment  as  captain-general  at 

Havana  (1795). 

The  expulsion  of  a  priest  at  Natchitoches  (1797). 
Propositions  for  the  material  development  of  Louisiana  and  the  Flori- 

das  (1800). 
9.  Louisiana  papers  (1764-1801)  including: 

Papers  of  Julian  de  Arriaga  concerning  the  situation  in  Louisiana 

in  1764. 
Statements  of  Aubry  in  regard  to  his  conduct  before  and  after  the 

insurrection  in  Louisiana  (1769). 
Correspondence  of  Miro  and  Navarro  relative  to  the  navigation  of 

the  Mississippi  by  American  vessels  (1784). 
Correspondence  of  Gayoso  de  Lemos  (1790). 
Correspondence  of  officials  in  Spain  concerning  the  impressment  of 

American  sailors  by  the  British  (1793). 
Documents  relative  to  the  charges  brought  against  Domingo  Asereto 

in  New  Orleans  (1793-1797). 

Correspondence  of  intendant  of  Louisiana  and  West  Florida  (1797). 
Correspondence  of  the  American  minister  at  Madrid  relative  to  the 

bringing  of  American  prisoners  to  Spain  on  board  of  French  war- 
ships (1799-1801). 

10.  Correspondence  of  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain  in  regard  to  the  estab- 

lishment of  garrisons  along  the  northern  frontier  of  the  viceroyalty. 
1765-1772. 

11.  Documents  relative  to  the  insurrection  in  Louisiana.     These  include 

letters  from  the  intendant  at  New  Orleans,  petitions  and  memorials 
of  the  inhabitants,  sketches  of  various  incidents,  and  accounts  of 
measures  taken  by  Spanish  officials  to  quell  the  uprising.  1768-1769. 

12.  "Reglamento  e  instruccion  para  los  presidios  que  se  han  de  formar  en 

la  linea  de  frontera  de  la  Nueva  Espana."  This  is  a  printed  cedula 
bearing  the  date  September  10,  1772. 

13.  Documents  (1775-1783)   relative  to  the  American  Revolution.     The 

papers  concerning  the  several  phases  of  the  struggle  of  England 
with  France  and  Spain,  which  affected  to  a  greater  or  less  extent 
the  course  of  the  revolt  of  the  American  colonies,  are  more  numer- 
ous in  the  National  Historical  Archives  than  in  the  collection  at 
Simancas.  Their  dispersion,  however,  through  upwards  of  40 
legajos  that  rarely  appear  in  consecutive  order,  makes  them  rather 
hard  to  find.  The  correspondence  of  Grimaldi,  Floridablanca,  and 
Aranda,  of  course,  is  the  leading  source  of  information;  but  that 
classified  under  the  names  of  Gardoqui,  Campo,  Muzquiz,  Caste- 
jon,  Ricla,  de  Galvez  (Jose  and  Bernardo),  Maserano,  Almodovar, 
Escarano,  Miralles,  Rendon,  Vergennes,  Ossun,  Montmorin,  Grant- 
ham,  Cumberland,  Hussey,  Jay,  Lee,  and  Franklin,  is  also  of  great 
value.  Most  of  the  correspondence  of  Aranda  is  listed  by  legajos 
in  Nouvclles  Archives  des  Missions  Scicntifiques  et  Litteraires, 
VIII.  456-457.  Aside  from  matters  connected  immediately  with 


j<5  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

naval  and  military  operations,  the  following  topics  of  special  impor- 
tance are  treated  in  the  correspondence. 

The  reception  of  American  privateers  and  the  disposal  of  their  prizes 
in  Spanish  ports. 

The  encouragement  of  trade  between  Spain  and  the  American  colo- 
nies, particularly  in  reference  to  the  importation  from  them  of  tim- 
ber for  ship-building. 

The  money  and  stores  furnished  by  Spain  to  the  American  colonies. 

The  disagreement  between  Floridablanca  and  Aranda  due  to  the 
insistence  of  the  latter  upon  the  necessity  that  Spain  should  take 
immediate  advantage  of  the  revolt  of  the  colonies  for  the  purpose 
of  regaining  the  territories  ceded  to  England  earlier  in  the  century, 
and,  as  a  result  of  this  disagreement,  the  maintenance  for  a  consid- 
erable time  of  direct  communication  between  Floridablanca  and  Ver- 
gennes,  and  not  through  the  medium  of  the  Spanish  ambassador. 

The  attempt  of  Spain  to  mediate  between  France  and  England. 

The  movements  of  Hussey,  the  Spanish  agent  in  London. 

The  conclusion  in  1779  of  the  alliance  between  Spain  and  France. 

The  mission  of  Cumberland  to  Spain  with  the  object  of  inducing  that 
country  to  withdraw  from  the  French  alliance. 

The  negotiations  of  Lee  and  Jay  in  Spain. 

The  expeditions  of  Bernardo  de  Galvez  against  Mobile,  Pensacola, 
and  the  English  posts  on  the  Mississippi. 

The  aid  rendered  by  Bernardo  de  Galvez  to  the  American  agents  and 
partisans  at  New  Orleans. 

The  observations  of  Miralles  and  Rendon,  the  Spanish  commissioners 
resident  in  the  American  colonies. 

The  relations  between  Aranda  and  the  American  envoys  during  the 
negotiations  for  peace. 

The  views  of  Aranda  in  regard  to  the  possible  effect  of  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  United  States  on  the  Spanish  colonies  in  America. 

14.  "Memoire  historique  et  politique  sur  la  Louisiane.     Par  Mr.  Senlis." 

This  is  a  manuscript  treatise  in  twelve  chapters,  and  is  addressed 
to  Louis  XVI.  From  the  language  of  the  introduction  it  is  prob- 
able that  the  document  was  written  late  in  1775  or  early  in  1776. 
It  is  practically  a  plea  for  the  recovery  of  Canada  and  possibly  of 
Louisiana  by  France,  pointing  out  the  political  and  economic  advan- 
tages to  be  gained  from  such  a  procedure. 

15.  Correspondence  of  Aranda,  Floridablanca,  and  the  Spanish  consul  at 

Bordeaux  in  reference  to  the  decline  of  Spanish  commerce  with 
Louisiana.  1777. 

16.  Correspondence  of  the  viceroys  of  New  Spain  with  the  governors  of 

the  "Internal  Provinces,"  concerning  the  wisdom  of  establishing 
commercial  relations  between  Louisiana  and  Texas.  1777-1790. 

17.  Correspondence  of  the  governors  of   Louisiana  and   West   Florida 

concerning  relations  with  the  Indians,  commercial  activities,  etc. 
1778-1788. 

18.  "Circular  insertando  una  Breve  sobre  las  Misiones  de  California." 

The  brief  is  directed  against  the  quarrels  and  irregularities  among 
the  Franciscans  and  Dominicans  in  California  and  New  Mexico. 
The  circular  bears  the  date  October  20,  1780. 


National  Historical  Archives.  37 

19.  Documents  concerning  (1)   the  commercial  relations  of  Spain  with 

the  United  States;  and  (2)  the  secret  mission  of  William  Tatham 
to  Spain.  1781-1796. 

20.  "Reflexiones  sobre  la  Luisiana  por  un  espanol  afecto  a  su  Patria." 

This  is  an  undated  treatise  condemning  the  policy  of  the  royal 
cedula  of  January  22,  1782,  on  the  ground  that  its  extension  of  the 
commercial  privileges  of  Louisiana  would  accrue  solely  to  the  bene- 
fit of  foreigners,  since  the  people  of  that  province  possessed  neither 
the  abilities  nor  the  resources  needful  to  carry  on  the  trade  them- 
selves. The  treatise  is  accompanied  by  an  undated  letter  to  Flori- 
dablanca  signed  "Santiago,  Espanol."  American  correspondence 
relative  to  schemes  of  settlement  in  the  Illinois  country.  1782. 

21.  Correspondence  concerning  (1)  the  request  of  the  American  repre- 

sentative in  Spain  for  a  determination  of  the  manner  in  which 
American  citizens  and  American  vessels  are  to  be  treated  in  Span- 
ish ports;  and  (2)  the  privileges  and  exemptions  granted  by  the 
Spanish  crown  to  inhabitants  of  New  Orleans  and  Mobile.  1783. 

22.  Correspondence  of  Aranda  and  Heredia  in  regard  to  the  sending  of 

Acadians  to  Louisiana.     1783-1786. 

23.  The  papers  relative  to  the  public  career  of  Gardoqui.     They  include 

letters  from  Carmichael  and  Floridablanca  regarding  Gardoqui's 
mission  to  the  United  States,  and  from  Gardoqui  giving  his  opinion 
of  Jay's  mission  to  Spain ;  and  Gardoqui's  credentials  and  instruc- 
tions concerning  the  boundaries  of  Louisiana  and  the  Floridas,  and 
the  navigation  of  the  Mississippi.  1783-1796. 

24.  Correspondence  of  the  Secretary  of  State  with  the  governor  and  the 

intendant  of  Louisiana  and  West  Florida  regarding  the  Indian 
trade  in  those  provinces.  1784-1789. 

25.  Correspondence   of   Floridablanca,   Bernardo   de   Galvez,   Miro,   and 

Rendon  (1784^1790).  The  correspondence  deals  with  the  follow- 
ing topics : 

The  boundaries  between  the  United  States  and  the  Spanish  provinces. 

The  nullity  of  that  portion  of  the  treaty  of  1783  between  Great  Brit- 
ain and  the  United  States  which  concerned  the  free  navigation  of 
the  Mississippi. 

The  state  of  Indian  trade,  the  relations  of  the  Florida  Indians  with 
the  United  States,  and  Spanish  treaty  with  the  Creeks  at  Pensacola. 

The  traffic  carried  on  between  the  United  States  and  the  Spanish 
provinces. 

The  western  extension  of  American  settlement. 

The  dispatch  of  Ursuline  nuns  to  New  Orleans. 

The  conditions  prevalent  at  Natchez. 

The  county  that  Georgia  proposed  to  erect  on  the  east  bank  of  the 
Mississippi. 

Bound  up  with  this  correspondence  are  two  sets  of  instructions 
to  Gardoqui,  dated  October  2,  1784  and  April  28,  1785,  respec- 
tively ;  some  papers  relative  to  the  request  of  the  American  charge 
d'affaires  at  Madrid  for  leave  to  export  a  jackass  for  Washington's 
farm ;  and  a  few  letters  from  the  Spanish  ambassador  in  England 
concerning  English  trade  with  the  Floridas.  1784-1790. 


$8  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

26.  Documents  concerning  the  capture  of  American  vessels  by  Barbary 

pirates.     1784-1785. 
Correspondence  of  the  governors  of  Louisiana  and  West  Florida,  of 

the  captain-general  at  Havana,  of  Yrujo,  and  of  various  other 

Spanish  officials,  in  reference  to  the  career  of  William  Augustus 

Bowles.    1791-1803. 
Correspondence  of  Carondelet  concerning  the  grant  of  lands  to  Bas- 

trop  (1796). 
Correspondence  of  Yrujo  relating  to  English  designs  on  the  Floridas, 

to  the  Blount  project,  to  Collot's  expedition,  etc.    1797-1799. 
Documents  concerning  treatment  of  American  vessels  in  Havana 

(1799). 

27.  Documents  relative  to  the  claim  of  the  Duke  of  Luxemburg  to  lands 

in  Louisiana.     1784-1819. 

28.  Documents  (1785-1790)  concerning  projects  for: 

The  peopling  of  Louisiana  and  the  Floridas  with  Irish  and  American 

emigrants. 

The  sending  thither  of  Irish  Catholic  priests. 
The  promotion  of  commerce  between  the  western  settlements  of  the 

United  States  and  the  Spanish  provinces  in  question. 
The  separation  of  these  settlements  from  the  United  States,  and  their 

subjection  to  Spain. 
The  defense  of  Louisiana  and  the  Floridas  against  British  intrigues 

and  the  designs  of  American  adventurers  and  land  speculators, 

notably  those  connected  with  the  Yazoo  companies. 

These  are  contained  in  the  correspondence  of  Miro,  Navarro,  the 

Council  of  State,  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain,  Gardoqui,  Ezpeleta, 

Zespedes,  Wilkinson,  Morgan,  White,  Wouves  d'Arges,  St.  Clair, 

and  many  others.     1785-1790. 

29.  Correspondence  and  financial  reports  of  Gardoqui.     Among  the  cor- 

respondents are  found  the  names  of  Sevier,  Morgan,  John  Brown, 
Hutchins,  Steuben,  and  George  Rogers  Clark.  The  dominant 
theme  is  the  settlement  of  the  western  country  with  a  view  to  the 
extension  of  Spanish  power.  1785-1790. 

I     30.  Correspondence  of  Gayoso  de  Lemos  with  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain 
regarding  various  occurrences  at  Natchez.     1785-1793. 

31.  Correspondence  of  Gardoqui  with  Floridablanca,  the  viceroy  of  New 

Spain,  Thomas  Hutchins,  John   Brown,  and  others,   1786-1789. 

Documents  of  special  interest  are  the  following: 
"Resumen   de   cierta   conversacion   de    Mr.    [Richard    Henry   Lee] 

Miembro  en  Congreso  del  Estado  de  [Virginia]  con  D.  G.  en  esta 

casa  el  veinte  y  seis  de  Agosto  de  1786,  bajo  del  mayor  secreto." 
"Fundamento  para  la  nueva  instruccion  que  se  da  a  Gardoqui  sobre 

limites  y  navegacion  del  Misisipi." 
"Plan  del  tratado  con  los  Americanos  para  remitir  a  Gardoqui  por  via 

de  nueva  instruccion." 

32.  Correspondence  of   Floridablanca,  the  viceroy  of  New   Spain,   and 

others,  relative  to  Russian  explorations  and  settlements  north  of 
the  Californias.  1786-1789.  Correspondence  of  the  viceroy  of 
New  Spain  concerning  the  Nootka  Sound  dispute.  1788-1791. 


National  Historical  Archives.  39 

33.  Correspondence  of   Miro,   Navarro,   Carondelet,   Gayoso  de   Lemos, 

Gardoqui,  the  captain-general  at  Havana,  Wilkinson,  Moultrie, 
Sebastian,  O'Fallon,  and  others,  1786-1799.  The  chief  topics 
treated  in  the  correspondence  are : 

The  proposal  to  separate  Kentucky  from  the  United  States,  and  the 
commercial  privileges  granted  by  Spain  to  the  Kentuckians. 

The  purchase  of  tobacco  for  the  royal  warehouses  at  New  Orleans. 

The  schemes  of  the  Yazoo  companies,  and  the  claim  of  Spain  to  the 
region  about  the  Yazoo  River  as  based  on  Indian  cessions. 

The  construction  of  a  Spanish  fort  at  Walnut  Hills. 

Relations  of  Spain  and  the  United  States  with  the  Florida  Indians. 

The  activities  of  Bowles. 

The  settlement  of  New  Madrid. 

The  attraction  of  immigrants  to  Louisiana  and  West  Florida. 
Papers  concerning  mediation  of  Spain  in  the  peace  concluded  between 

the  United  States  and  Morocco  (1789). 

Correspondence  of  the  governor  of  East  Florida  relative  to  return  of 
fugitive  slaves  to  the  United  States,  and  relative  also  to  a  proposal 
for  the  cession  of  East  Florida  to  some  foreign  power.  1790-1791. 
Correspondence  of  Gardoqui,  Carmichael,  and  Short,  relative  to  (1)  the 
sums  due  to  the  Bank  of  North  America  from  the  royal  treasury  at 
Havana;  and  (2)  the  questions  at  issue  between  Spain  and  the 
United  States,  particularly  in  regard  to  boundaries  and  to  the  navi- 
gation of  the  Mississippi,  and  the  proposed  mediation  of  France  in 
the  matter.  1789-1794. 

Correspondence  of  Carmichael,  Aranda,  Gardoqui,  and  Alcudia,  con- 
cerning debt  of  the  United  States  to  Spain  incurred  during  the 
American  Revolution.  1792-1794.  An  interesting  item  in  this 
correspondence  is  the  following:  "Socorros  dados  a  los  Estados 
Unidos  por  medio  del  Sor.  Conde  de  Aranda,  Embaxador  en 
Paris  en  aquel  tiempo,"  ranging  over  the  years  1776-1779.  It  is 
enclosed  in  a  letter  of  Gardoqui  to  Alcudia,  dated  October  26,  1794. 

34.  Documents  relative  to  the  contract  between  the  Spanish  government 

and  the  English  firm  of  Panton,  Leslie  and  Co.,  in  reference  to  the 
Indian  trade  in  the  Floridas.  1786-1806. 

35.  Correspondence    of    Floridablanca,    Aranda,    Miro,    Navarro,    and 

Wouves  d'Arges,  concerning  the  project  of  the  last  named  to  pro- 
mote emigration  from  the  western  settlements  of  the  United  States 
to  Louisiana  and  the  Floridas.  1787. 

36.  Correspondence  of  the  governor  of  East  Florida.     1787-1789. 

37.  Documents  relative  to  the  possibility  of  an  attack  by  Americans  on 

Natchez.  1787.  Correspondence  of  Carondelet,  Gayoso  de  Lemos, 
the  captain-general  at  Havana,  Wilkinson,  Innes,  and  others,  con- 
cerning the  projects  of  Bowles  and  the  support  he  received  from 
the  English  in  the  Bahamas,  the  operations  of  the  Yazoo  com- 
panies, etc.  1790-1795. 

38.  Correspondence  concerning  the  project  of  Wouves  d'Arges  to  people 

Louisiana  with  emigrants  from  Kentucky,  and  its  failure  on  account 
of  the  rival  project  of  Wilkinson.  1787-1790.  Correspondence 
relative  to  the  mission  of  James  White  to  Franklin  and  Cumber- 


jo  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

land,  with  the  object  of  drawing  closer  the  relations  between  those 
districts  and  the  Spanish  power  in  Louisiana.  1789.  Papers  con- 
cerning : 

The  settlement  of  New  Madrid  (1790). 

The  attractions  of  immigrants  to  West  Florida  (1790). 

The  appointment  of  a  Spanish  agent  among  the  Choctaws  (1792). 

The  appointment  of  Henry  White  as  governor  of  East  Florida 
(1795). 

39.  A  series  of  42  volumes  variously  labelled  "Actas  de  la  Suprema  Junta 

de  Estado";  "Consejo  de  Estado:  Actas  originates";  "Actas  del 
Supremo  Consejo  de  Estado,"  and  containing  copies  of  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  Council  of  Stats  as  well  as  copies  of  the  documents 
on  which  the  proceedings  were  based.  The  "actas"  are  arranged 
chronologically  from  June  22,  1787,  to  March  17,  1834.  Since  the 
list  is  very  incomplete,  it  has  to  be  supplemented  from  such  of  the 
originals  as  are  preserved  in  other  legajos.  Volumes  II.  (1788), 
III.  (1789-1790),  IV.  (1791-1792),  V.  (1792),  VI.  (1793),  VII., 
VIII.  (1794),  IX.  (1794-1795),  X.  (1795),  XL  (1796-1799), 
XIII.  (1813),  XIX.,  XX.  (1817),  XXI.  (1818-1820),  XXX., 
XXXII.  (1826)  contain  references  to  such  topics  as  the  following: 

The  government,  population,  commerce,  military  organization,  and 
ecclesiastical  divisions  of  Louisiana  and  the  Floridas. 

The  admission  of  Kentuckians  and  others  as  settlers  in  Louisiana. 
1    The  voyage  of  Martinez  along  the  coast  of  upper  California. 
I     Russian  discoveries  to  the  north  of  upper  California. 

The  journey  of  Gayoso  de  Lemos  to  Franklin  and  Cumberland. 

Relations  of  Spain  and  the  United  States  with  the  Indians  in  the  ter- 
ritory adjacent  to  Louisiana  and  the  Floridas. 

Imprisonment  of  Bowles  for  his  agitation  among  the  Florida  Indians. 

The  dispute  between  Spain  and  the  United  States  relative  to  the 
boundaries  of  Louisiana  and  the  Floridas. 

The  danger  of  an  insurrection  in  Louisiana  and  the  Floridas,  and  of 
an  invasion  of  these  provinces  by  French  and  American  adventur- 
ers, the  need  of  reinforcements,  etc. 

The  claim  of  the  United  States  to  free  navigation  of  the  Mississippi. 

The  effect  of  Jay's  mission  to  England  on  the  position  of  Spain  in 
North  America. 

The  feasibility  of  making  reprisals  on  the  United  States  for  the  con- 
duct of  that  country  in  regard  to  West  Florida. 

The  cession  of  the  Floridas  and  adjustment  of  the  boundary  of 
Louisiana. 

The  claims  of  the  United  States  to  indemnity  for  injuries  to  Ameri- 
can commerce,  etc. 

40.  Correspondence  of  Jaudenes,  Viar,  and  Yrujo.     That  of  Jaudenes 

with  Alcudia  during  the  years  1794  and  1795  is  particularly  impor- 
tant for  its  discussion  of  the  treaty  of  1794,  the  Mississippi  ques- 
tion, and  the  possible  withdrawal  of  Kentucky  from  the  Union. 
1789-1796. 

41.  Compilation  of  extracts  from  the  correspondence  of  colonial  officials, 

the  "Laws  of  the  Indies,"  and  other  sources,  concerning  the  claim 


National  Historical  Archives.  41 

of  Spain  to  the  Pacific  coast  in  connection  with  the  Nootka  Sound 
dispute.  The  compilation  is  entitled :  "Extractos  de  providencias 
para  el  descubrimiento  del  Mar  del  Sur  y  Californias  desde  la 
Conquista  de  Indias,  y  para  la  Exclusion  impuesta  a  todas  las 
Naciones  extrangeras  de  navegar  aquellas  mares."  It  bears  the 
date  June  18,  1790. 

42.  Treaties  and  conventions  relative  to  the  Nootka  Sound  dispute.    1790- 

1794. 

43.  Correspondence  of  Jaudenes  and  Viar.    1791-1793. 

44.  Correspondence  of  Montarco,  Alcudia,  Gardoqui,  Carmichael,  Short, 

and  Pinckney,  together  with  other  documents,  relative  to  the  ques- 
tions at  issue  between  Spain  and  the  United  States,  and  dealing 
also  with  earlier  phases  of  these  questions  since  1780.  1791-1796. 

45.  Correspondence  relative  to  the  illicit  fishing  carried  on  by  Americans 

in  the  southern  Pacific,  and  relative  also  to  complaints  from  Amer- 
ican ministers  and  consuls  about  the  treatment  of  American  vessels 
in  Spanish  ports.  1791-1809. 

46.  Report  of  the  Council  of  State,  and  opinion  of  Gardoqui,  concerning 

the  extension  of  commercial  privileges  in  Louisiana.     1792. 

47.  Correspondence  of  Carondelet.     1793. 

48.  Treaty   of  peace   between   Spain  and   various  tribes   of   Indians   at 

Walnut  Hills,  October  28,  1793.  Correspondence  of  Carondelet 
and  Gayoso  de  Lemos  concerning  the  Spanish  occupation  of  Bar- 
rancas de  Margot,  and  other  matters.  1795.  Correspondence  of 
the  American  minister  at  Madrid  relative  to  the  ransom  of  Ameri- 
can captives  in  Algiers.  1795. 

49.  Papers  relating  to  the  detention  or  seizure  of  American  vessels  by 

Spanish,  French,  and  British  war-ships  on  the  high  seas,  or  by  the 
local  authorities  in  Spanish  ports.  1783-1800. 

50.  Correspondence  of  Carondelet,  1794.  Papers  concerning  the  exemption 

of  American  vessels  from  quarantine  regulations  in  Spain.     1794. 

51.  Report  of  the  Council  of  State  and  correspondence  of  the  governor 

of  Louisiana  and  West  Florida,  and  the  captain-general  at  Havana, 

with  the  Prince  of  the  Peace  (1794-1796),  concerning: 
The  situation  in  Louisiana. 
The  hostile  designs  of  the  English,  French,  and  Americans  on  that 

province. 
The  construction  in  1795  of  an  English  fort  in  the  territory  of  the 

Mandan  Indians. 
The  prevalence  of  an  unlawful  fur  trade  with  the  Spanish  settlements 

in  the  Illinois  country. 
The  use  of  the  Indian  tribes  north  of  the  Ohio  and  the  Missouri 

rivers  as  a  barrier  against  foreign  aggression. 
The  proposed  settlement  of  Americans  at  Muscle  Shoals  intended  to 

enable  them  to  seize  the  Spanish  post  at  Barrancas  de  Margot. 
Schemes  of  the  Americans  to  embroil  the  Indians  under  Spanish 

influence  in  war  with  one  another. 
The  formation  in  1794  of  a  company  at  St.  Louis  for  carrying  on  the 

Indian  trade  along  the  Missouri,  its  mode  of  action,  and  other 

matters  pertaining  to  traffic  with  the  savages. 
The  treaty  of  1795,  and  the  manner  of  its  publication. 


42  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

52.  Correspondence  of  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain,  the  captain-general  at 

Havana,  Gardoqui,  Carondelet,  and  others,  relative  to  the  scarcity 
of  funds  in  Louisiana  caused  by  the  measures  taken  for  the  defense 
of  that  province,  including  the  payment  of  pensions  to  Wilkinson 
and  other  influential  men  in  Kentucky.    1794-1795. 
Correspondence  of  viceroy  of  New  Spain  (1794-1796),  concerning: 

The  defense  of  the  Internal  Provinces  against  the  danger  to  be  appre- 
hended from  the  westward  spread  of  American  settlement. 

The  report  of  a  French  expedition  to  be  directed  against  both  the 
Spanish  and  the  English  possessions  in  North  America. 

The  appearance  in  Texas  of  33  Indian  tribes  driven  by  the  Americans 
from  their  hunting  grounds,  and  the  request  of  the  savages  for 
permission  to  remain  in  that  province. 

The  disturbed  conditions  in  Louisiana,  and  the  dispatch  of  troops 
for  its  defense. 

53.  Correspondence  of  Viar,  the  Spanish  consul  in  Philadelphia.  1795-1796. 

54.  Papers  relative  to  the  public  career  of  Yrujo,  beginning  with  his 

appointment  as  minister  to  the  United  States.    1795-1821. 

55.  Documents  (1795-1820)  relative  to: 

The  claims  of  the  Duke  of  Luxemburg  to  lands  in  the  Floridas  (1795). 
The  appointment  of  Sebastian  Kindelan  as  governor  of  East  Florida, 

and  the  policy  to  be  observed  by  the  governors  of  the  Floridas 

toward  the  United  States  (1811-1812). 
The  revolutionary  movements  of  Lallemand  in  Texas  and  other  parts 

of  New  Spain  (1818-1820). 

56.  Correspondence  of  Carondelet,  Gayoso  de  Lemos  and  Ventura  Morales 

with  the  Prince  of  the  Peace.    1796-1797.    It  concerns  chiefly  such 

topics  as: 
The  disagreements  among  these  officials  on  various  administrative 

matters. 

The  financial  condition  of  Louisiana  and  West  Florida. 
The  disposal  of  crown  lands  in  those  provinces. 
The  loading,  ballasting,  and  manning  of  vessels. 
English  designs  on  Upper  Louisiana,  and  English  efforts  to  incite  the 

Indians  along  the  frontiers  of  Louisiana  and  the  Floridas  to  war 

with  the  Spaniards. 
Bound  up  with  this  correspondence  are  the  following  items : 

Letters  from  the  American  minister  at  Madrid  inquiring  about  the 

etiquette  observed  in  reference  to  the  presentation  of  the  wives 

of  diplomats  at  the  Spanish  court   (1797). 
Letters  from  the  governor  of  East  Florida  concerning  fugitive  slaves 

(1797-1798). 

Correspondence  of  the  American  consul  at  Cadiz  (1797). 
Correspondence  of  the  Prince  of  the  Peace  concerning  the  relations 

of  Spain  and  the  United  States  (1797). 
A  few  communications  from  Yrujo  of  minor  importance  (1796-1802). 

57.  Correspondence  of  Yrujo  and  the  Prince  of  the  Peace.     1797-1798. 

58.  Correspondence    of    Carondelet,    Gayoso    de    Lemos,    and    Ventura 

Morales.    1797-1799.    It  deals  with  such  topics  as  the  following: 


National  Historical  Archives.  43 

The  preliminary  operations  connected  with  fixing  the  boundary  line 
between  the  Spanish  possessions  and  the  United  States. 

The  right  of  the  intendant  to  grant  crown  lands  in  Louisiana. 

The  means  of  avoiding  the  injuries  to  Spanish  trade  inflicted  by  the 
English  in  the  Bahama  channel. 

The  maintenance  of  commerce  with  Louisiana  by  means  of  neutrals. 

59.  Correspondence  of  Yrujo  regarding  the  proposal  for  his  retirement 

as  minister,  and  regarding  also  his  project  to  found  a  settlement 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  lower  Mississippi.  1797-1800. 

60.  Correspondence  of  Talleyrand,  Berthier,  Perignon,  Alquier,  Charles 

IV.,  the  Prince  of  the  Peace,  Campo,  Cabarrus,  Urquijo,  and  others, 
concerning  the  retrocession  of  Louisiana  to  France.  1797-1800. 

61.  Documents  referring  to  Jose  Yznardi,  proconsul  of  the  United  States 

at  Cadiz,  and  to  his  commission  from  the  Spanish  treasury  to 
import  from  the  United  States  tobacco,  flour,  rice,  timber  for 
ship  building,  and  other  commodities  to  the  value  of  two  millions 
of  dollars.  1797-1802. 

62.  Papers  concerning  the  mission  of  Nicholas  Finiels  to  Louisiana  in 

consequence  of  the  English  designs  upon  that  province.  1797. 
Correspondence  in  reference  to  the  conduct  of  Vicente  Folch  while 
governor  of  West  Florida.  1811-1818. 

63.  Correspondence  concerning  the  claims  of  the  United  States  to  indem- 

nity from  the  Spanish  government  for  injuries  to  American  ship- 
ping. 1797-1828. 

64.  Documents  relative  to  the  commission  appointed  to  construct  maps 

and  plans  of  Texas.     1798. 

65.  Correspondence  of  the  American  minister  in  Spain  relative  to  the 

exclusion  from  Spanish  ports  of  American  ships  that  had  touched 
at  English  ports.  1798-1799. 

66.  Correspondence  of  governor  and  intendant  of  Louisiana,  and  of  the 

several  members  of  the  Council  of  State  (1798-1800),  concerning: 

The  regulation  of  neutral  commerce  with  Louisiana  and  the  Floridas. 

The  extent  to  which  the  intendant  may  act  independently  of  the  gov- 
ernor in  reference  to  financial  and  commercial  matters. 

The  negro  plot  in  Pointe  Coupee. 

The  policy  to  be  observed  by  Spain  in  case  Kentucky  should  secede 

from  the  United  States. 

66a.  Correspondence  of  the  American  minister  in  Spain,  of  the  Council 
of  State,  and  of  various  officials  in  Spanish  sea-ports,  concerning 
an  exchange  of  deserters,  the  blockade  of  the  port  of  Gibraltar,  and 
other  matters  connected  with  American  shipping  and  seamen  in 
Spanish  waters.  1798-1800. 

67.  Correspondence  of  various  peninsular  and  colonial  officials  in  regard 

to  the  work  of  the  commission,  created  in  accordance  with  the 
treaty  of  1795,  to  adjust  the  claims  of  the  United  States  to  indem- 
nity for  injuries  inflicted  upon  American  shipping  by  French  and 
Spanish  vessels.  1799-1807. 

68.  Ratification  of  the  preliminary  articles  for  the  cession  of  Louisiana 

to  France.     1800. 


44  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

69.  Documents  relative  to  the  license  granted  to  Cassagne,  Huguet,  Ray- 

mond and  Co.,  for  the  importation  into  Louisiana  of  5,000  negro 
slaves  free  of  duty.  1800-1801. 

70.  Documents  relative  to  the  founding  of  settlements  on  the  west  bank 

of  the  lower  Mississippi.    1800-1801. 
Correspondence  of  Cevallos,  Yrujo,  Casa  Calvo,  Wilkinson,  the  viceroy 

of  New  Spain,  and  the  Spanish  consul  at  Philadelphia,  concerning 

the  pension  due  to  Wilkinson  for  his  services  in  the  Spanish  cause. 

1804-1809. 
Documents    concerning   the    information    furnished    by   John    Peter 

Walker  in  regard  to  the  designs  of  the  United  States  on  the  Flor- 

idas.     1818. 

71.  General  correspondence  of  Spanish  legation  at  Washington.  1801-1803. 

72.  Documents  concerning  the  complaints  of  the  American  minister  at 

Madrid  against  the  treatment  of  American   vessels  in   Spanish 

ports.     1801. 
Papers  relative  to  the  American  squadron  in  the  Mediterranean  sent 

thither  to  protect  American  shipping  against  the  pirates  of  Tripoli. 

1801-1802. 
Correspondence  of  Yrujo,  Salcedo,  Ventura  Morales,  Cevallos,  and 

others  in  reference  to  the  removal  of  the  American  right  of  deposit 

at  New  Orleans.    1801-1803. 

73.  Correspondence  relative  to  the  seizure  or  detention  of  American  ves- 

sels.   1802. 
Documents  referring  to  the  seizure  of  a  French  vessel  by  Americans  in 

a  port  of  East  Florida.     1820-1821. 
Papers  bearing  on  the  protest  of  the  American  minister  against  the 

treatment  accorded  to  the  secretary  of  the  legation  of  the  United 

States.     1824-1825. 

74.  Correspondence  of  Talleyrand  and  the  Spanish  ambassador  at  Paris, 

concerning  the  commercial  relations  of  Louisiana  with  the  United 
States,  and  the  mission  of  Monroe  to  Madrid.  1803. 

75.  Correspondence   relative   to   the   disagreements   of   Yrujo,    Foronda, 

Bruno  Magdalena,  and  other  diplomats  and  consular  representa- 
tives of  Spain  in  the  United  States.  1803-1807. 

76.  Correspondence  of  the  Spanish  diplomatic  and  consular  officials  in 

the  United  States,  relative  to  the  enforcement  of  regulations  for 
the  public  health,  the  outbreak  of  yellow  fever  at  Philadelphia, 
etc.  1803-1809. 

77.  Project  of  one  Simon  de  Echezuria  for  the  recovery  of  Louisiana  by 

Spain.  1803.  Documents  relative  to  the  appointment  of  Jose  de 
Estrada  as  governor  of  East  Florida.  1811. 

78.  Correspondence  of  the  American  minister  at  Madrid,  chiefly  in  refer- 

ence to  matters  of  commerce.     1803. 

Correspondence  concerning  (1)  the  dispute  between  Spain  and  the 
United  States  in  regard  to  the  navigation  of  the  Mobile  and  the 
Mississippi  rivers;  (2)  the  uprising  in  West  Florida  in  1806;  (3) 
the  claims  of  the  United  States  to  that  province.  1803-1811. 

Correspondence  of  Yrujo,  Folch,  Wilkinson,  and  others,  in  reference 
to  the  expedition  of  Burr.  1806-1807. 


National  Historical  Archives.  45 

79.  General  correspondence  of  Spanish  legation  at  Washington.  1804-1805. 

80.  Correspondence  of  Yrujo  relative  to  the  designs  of  the  United  States 

on  the  Internal  Provinces  and  the  Floridas,  the  uprising  in  West 

Florida,  etc.    1804-1806. 
Correspondence  of  Casa  Calvo,  Ventura  Morales,  and  others  concerning 

the  boundaries  of  the  United  States  and  the  Spanish  possessions, 

the  property  belonging  to  the  Spanish  crown  in  New  Orleans,  etc. 

1804-1806. 
Correspondence  of  Onis  regarding  the  American  occupation  of  West 

Florida.    1810. 

81.  Correspondence  of  Yrujo,   Casa  Calvo,  and  others  concerning  the 

designs  of  the  United  States  on  the  Internal  Provinces.   1804-1808. 
Correspondence  of  various  officials  in  the  Internal  Provinces  in  regard 
to  the  encounters  between  Spanish  and  American  troops  on  the 
frontier  of  Texas.    1806. 

Correspondence  of  the  captain-general  at  Havana,  concerning  the  ques- 
tion whether  emigrants  from  Louisiana  to  Cuba  are  to  be  placed  on 
the  same  footing  as  other  Spanish  subjects  (1805),  and  concerning 
also  his  course  of  action  in  case  the  United  States  should  declare 
war  on  Spain  (1806). 
Correspondence  relating  to : 

The  sale  of  lands  in  the  Floridas  to  American  speculators  (1805). 

The  dispute  between  Spain  and  the  United  States  in  reference  to 
the  navigation  of  the  Mobile  River  (1805). 

The  arrival  in  Kentucky  of  a  delegation  of  Indians  from  the  Internal 
Provinces  (1805). 

The  valuation  of  property  belonging  to  the  Spanish  crown  in  Louisi- 
ana (1806). 

The  efforts  of  the  United  States  to  gain  possession  of  the  Floridas 
(1806). 

The  lands  set  apart  for  certain  emigrants  from  Galveston  to  Baton 
Rouge  (1806). 

The  boundaries  between  Louisiana  and  the  Internal  Provinces  (1806). 

82.  Correspondence  of  Yrujo  and  others  relative  to  the  complaints  made 

against  him  by  the  government  of  the  United  States.  1804r-1808. 
Documents  concerning  the  lands  owned  by  Yrujo  in  West  Florida. 
1826-1847. 

83.  Reports  of  the  Council  of  State  on   (1)   the  erection  of  American 

consulates  in  the  Balearic  Isles,  Barcelona,  Corunna,  and  Valencia ; 
and  (2)  the  interpretation  of  Article  17  of  the  treaty  of  1795 
between  Spain  and  the  United  States.  1805-1806. 

84.  General  correspondence  of  Spanish  legation  at  Washington.  1805-1806. 

85.  Correspondence  of  Yrujo,  the  Spanish  consuls  at  New  York,  Boston, 

and  Philadelphia,  and  of  various  other  officials,  relative  to  the 
expedition  of  Miranda.  1805-1807. 

86.  Correspondence  of  Yrujo,  the  Spanish  consul  at   Philadelphia,   the 

captain-general  at  Havana,  and  others,  relative  to  the  expedition 
of  Burr.  1805-1807. 

87.  Correspondence  relative  to  the  exploring  expedition  of  Zebulon  M. 

Pike.  1806-1808.  In  the  correspondence  are  included  letters  from 
Pike,  Wilkinson,  Yrujo,  the  governor  of  the  Internal  Provinces,  the 


46  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

Spanish  consul  at  Philadelphia,  and  others.  There  is  also  a  copy 
of  a  document  prepared  by  Pike,  dated  at  Chihuahua,  April  7, 
1807,  and  entitled  "Sketch  of  an  Expedition  made  from  St.  Louis 
to  explore  the  Internal  parts  of  Louisiana  by  order  of  His  Excel- 
lency, Gen'l  James  Wilkinson,  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  United 
States  Troops."  None  of  Pike's  notes,  charts,  etc.,  are  to  be 
found  among  the  papers.  In  the  alphabetical  series  of  expedientes 
the  correspondence  is  grouped  under  the  letter  "M." 

88.  General  correspondence  of  Spanish  legation  at  Washington.  1807-1808. 

89.  Correspondence  of  the  viceroy  of  Peru  and  other  colonial  officials, 

concerning  the  injuries  to  Spanish  interests  caused  by  American 
shipping  in  the  Pacific.    1807. 
Correspondence  relative  to: 

The  complaints  of  Spain  against  the  customs  regulations  of  the 
United  States  on  the  Mississippi  River,  and  against  an  Act  of 
Congress  annexing  territories  belonging  to  Spain  in  the  Internal 
Provinces  (1807). 

The  dispute  between  Spain  and  the  United  States  in  reference  to  the 
navigation  of  the  Mobile  River  (1807). 

The  share  of  American  citizens  in  the  expedition  of  Miranda  (1807). 

The  claim  of  Spain  to  reimbursement  for  the  expenses  connected  with 
the  arrest  and  detention  of  Pike  (1807). 

Copies  of  various  documents  in  the  royal  library  at  Madrid  concern- 
ing the  boundaries  between  Texas  and  Louisiana  (1807). 
Correspondence  of  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain  and  others,  relative  to 
the  existing  settlements  in  the  Internal  Provinces,  especially  Texas, 
and  to  the  encounters  between  Spanish  and  American  troops  on 
the  frontier  of  Texas.  1807. 

Correspondence  of  the  Spanish  consul  at  Philadelphia,  concerning  the 
business  ventures  of  Yrujo,  and  his  disputes  with  the  other  Span- 
ish representatives  in  the  United  States.  1807-1810. 

90.  General  correspondence  of  the  Spanish  legation  at  Washington.    1808. 

91.  Correspondence,  memorials,  and  notes  (1808-1812)  concerning: 

The  return  of  fugitive  slaves  in  the  Floridas. 

The  embargo  regulations  of  the  United  States,  particularly  in  refer- 
ence to  the  navigation  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

The  Spanish  restrictions  on  the  navigation  of  the  Mobile  River. 

The  arbitrary  acts  of  American  officials  on  the  frontiers  of  the 
Floridas. 

The  designs  of  the  United  States  on  the  Floridas  and  Mexico. 

The  negotiations  initiated  by  the  United  States  for  the  purchase  of 
the  Floridas. 

The  military  preparations  of  Spain  in  view  of  the  threatening  atti- 
tude of  the  United  States. 

92.  General  correspondence  of  the  Spanish  legation  at  Washington.    1809. 

93.  Papers  concerning  (1)  the  arrest  of  Thomas  Gough,  interpreter  of 

the  legation  of  the  United  States,  and  the  seizure  of  documents 
belonging  to  that  diplomatic  office;  and  (2)  the  relations  of  the 
United  States  with  the  "Junta  de  Sevilla,"  and  with  the  govern- 
ment of  Joseph  Bonaparte.  1809-1812. 


National  Historical  Archives.  47 

94.  Documents  relative  to  the  naval  and  military  forces  of  the  United 

States.    1809.    Plans  proposed  by  one  Louis  Clouet  for  the  forci- 
ble recovery  of  Louisiana  by  Spain.    1814. 

95.  General  correspondence  of  the  Spanish  legation  at  Washington.  1810. 

96.  Documents  relative  to  the  movements  of  French  emissaries  in  the 

United  States,  having  as  their  object  the  fomenting  of  a  revolu- 
tion in  Mexico.     1810-1812. 

97.  Correspondence  concerning: 

The  designs  of  Napoleon  on  the  Spanish  possessions  in  North 
America  (1810). 

The  complaints  of  Spain  against  the  effects  of  the  embargo  regula- 
tions of  the  United  States  (1810). 

Navigation  of  American  vessels  in  the  Mobile  River  (1810-1811). 

Seizure  of  part  of  West  Florida  by  the  United  States  (1810-1811). 

The  sums  due  to  the  Spanish  treasury  from  American  merchants 
(1810-1823). 

The  insurrection  at  Baton  Rouge  (1811). 

The  precautions  to  be  observed  in  connection  with  the  arrival  of 
American  vessels  at  Spanish  colonial  ports  (1811). 

The  political  and  military  condition  of  the  Floridas  and  of  the 
Internal  Provinces  (1811-1814). 

98.  General  correspondence  of  Spanish  legation  at  Washington.     1811. 

99.  Correspondence  of  Onis  relative  to  the  revolutionary  agitation  in 

Mexico,  the  gathering  of  recruits  in  New  Orleans,  and  the  fail- 
ure of  the  United  States  to  enforce  neutrality.    1811-1816. 

100.  General  correspondence  of  the  Spanish  legation  at  Washington.    1812. 

101.  Correspondence  concerning: 

The  hostile  relations  between  Georgia  and  East  Florida  (1812). 

The  possible  advantage  to  Spain  of  the  war  between  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States  (1812). 

The  complaints  of  Spain  against  the  commercial  regulations  of 
the  United  States  (1812). 

The  pardon  of  certain  rebels  in  Spanish  Florida. 

The  protests  of  Spain  against  the  annexation  to  Louisiana  of  the 
district  of  Baton  Rouge,  the  seizure  of  Mobile,  and  other  usur- 
pations of  the  United  States  on  Spanish  territory  in  the  Flor- 
idas, and  also  against  the  connivance  of  the  United  States  at  the 
share  of  American  citizens  in  promoting  the  revolutionary  move- 
ment in  the  Spanish  colonies  (1812-1813). 

The  exclusion  of  American  spies  and  agitators  from  the  Spanish 
colonies  (1812-1813). 

The  injuries  to  Spanish  commerce  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  com- 
mitted by  the  Barataria  pirates  (1813). 

The  revolutionary  movements  in  Texas,  and  the  encroachments  of 
the  United  States  on  that  province  (1813). 

102.  Correspondence  relative  to  the  presence  of  rebels  in  Texas.    1813. 

103.  Reports  of  the  Council  of  State,  and  other  documents  (1813)  con- 

cerning : 

The  conduct  of  American  privateers  in  Spanish  waters. 
The  seizure  of  West  Florida  by  the  United  States, 


4$  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

The  boundaries  of  Louisiana. 

The  adoption  of  measures  to  defend  the  Spanish  colonies  against 

the  United  States,  and  the  making  of  reprisals  on  American 

property  in  Spanish  territory. 
The  possibility  of  British  aid  in  case  of  war  between  Spain  and  the 

United  States. 

104.  General   correspondence  of  the   Spanish   legation  at   Washington. 

1813-1814. 

105.  Correspondence  relative  to: 

The  possible  aid  of  Great  Britain  in  enabling  Spain  to  recover 
Louisiana  and  West  Florida  from  the  United  States  (1814- 
1815). 

The  injuries  sustained  by  Spanish  subjects  as  a  result  of  the  con- 
duct of  American  officials  in  West  Florida  (1814-1815). 

The  efforts  of  the  United  States  to  free  from  their  imprisonment 
at  Havana  certain  Americans  arrested  by  the  Spanish  authori- 
ties in  West  Florida  (1815-1816). 

The  attempts  of  the  United  States  to  secure  the  privilege  of  a  dock- 
yard at  Mahon  for  its  Mediterranean  fleet  (1815-1853). 

The  share  of  American  citizens  in  the  revolutionizing  of  the  Span- 
ish colonies,  the  presence  of  an  American  commissioner  in  New 
Granada,  the  fitting  out  of  vessels  at  Baltimore  in  aid  of  the 
revolutionists,  etc.  (1816). 

106.  A  document  by  Yrujo  entitled  "Observaciones  politico-economicas 

sobre  la  Paz  firmada  ultimamente  en  Gante  entre  la  Inglaterra  y 
los  Estados  Unidos."  January  29,  1815. 

107.  General   correspondence  of  the   Spanish  legation   at   Washington. 

1815-1816. 

108.  General  correspondence  of  Spanish  legation  at  Washington.    1816. 

109.  Correspondence  of  Onis,  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain,  the  Spanish 

ambassadors  at  London,  Paris,  and  St.  Petersburg,  the  British 
ambassador  at  Madrid,  and  others  (1816-1818),  relative  to: 

Jackson's  invasion  of  West  Florida. 

The  incitement  by  Americans  of  the  Comanche  Indians  against 
the  Spanish  power  in  the  Internal  Provinces. 

Other  matters  at  issue  between  Spain  and  the  United  States. 

110.  General  correspondence  of  Spanish  legation  at  Washington.    1817. 

111.  Correspondence   concerning  the   aid   furnished  by  citizens   of  the 

United  States  to  the  Spanish-American  insurgents,  the  fitting  out 
of  privateers  in  American  ports,  the  reprisals  of  Spain  on  American 
vessels  in  colonial  ports,  etc.  1817. 

112.  Reports  of  the  Council  of  State  and  opinions  of  various  ministers 

concerning  relations  of  Spain  and  United  States  since  1795.    1817. 

113.  General   correspondence   of  the   Spanish   legation   at   Washington. 

1817-1818. 

114.  Correspondence  of  Onis,  the  Spanish  ambassadors  at  London,  Paris, 

Hamburg,  Berlin,  and  St.  Petersburg,  of  the  American  minister  at 
Madrid,  and  others  (1817-1820),  and  also  the  proceedings  of  the 
Spanish  Councils  of  State,  War,  and  Marine  in  regard  to: 


National  Historical  Archives.  49 

Jackson's  invasion  of  West  Florida. 

The  aid  afforded  by  Americans  to  the  insurgents  in  the  Spanish 

colonies,  the  connivance  thereat  of  the  government  of  the  United 

States,  and  the  inclination  of  that  government  to  recognize  the 

independence  of  the  Spanish  Americans. 
The  boundaries  of  Louisiana  and  the  Floridas. 
The  treaty  of  1819  with  the  United  States  and  its  suspension. 
The  strength  of  the  naval  and  military  forces  of  the  United  States. 
The  condition  of  the  Spanish  colonies  in  the  West  Indies. 
The  preparation  of  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal  to  be  granted  to 

foreign  privateers  in  case  of  war  with  the  United  States. 

115.  Report  of  a  French  engineer  named  Carambat  concerning  the  views 

and  projects  of  the  United  States  in  reference  to  the  Spanish 
possessions.  1817.  Correspondence  of  Onis  and  others  dealing 
with  relations  between  Callava  and  Jackson  in  Florida.  1821-1822. 

116.  Correspondence  of  the  American  legation  at  Madrid  concerning  the 

treatment  of  American  vessels  in  Spanish  ports.     1817-1833. 

117.  Documents  concerning  the  appointment  of  Narciso  de  Heredia  as 

commissioner  to  adjust  the  questions  at  issue  between  Spain  and 
the  United  States.  1817-1819.  Papers  relating  to  claims  to  lands 
in  Florida.  1844-1847. 

118.  Correspondence  of  the  Spanish  legation  at  Washington  and  of  the 

American  legation  at  Madrid  relative  to  the  seizure  or  detention 
of  vessels,  and  other  maritime  affairs.  1817-1848. 

119.  General  correspondence  of  the  Spanish  legation  at  Washington.  1818. 

120.  Documents  (1818)  relative  to: 

The  invasion  of  West  Florida  by  Jackson. 

Private  land  grants  in  the  Floridas. 

Restrictions  on  Spanish  shipping  in  the  Mississippi. 

The  aid  furnished  by  the  Americans  to  the  insurgents  in  the  Span- 
ish colonies. 

American  and  French  projects  against  Texas  and  the  other  Inter- 
nal Provinces. 

121.  Correspondence  of  the  captain-general  at  Havana  relative  to  the 

conduct  of  Jackson  in  Florida.  1818.  Papers  relative  to  claims 
to  lands  in  Florida.  1819.  Papers  concerning  the  sale  in  the 
United  States  of  a  vessel  captured  by  the  insurgents  in  the  Spanish 
colonies.  1824.  Correspondence  of  the  American  minister  at 
Madrid  in  reference  to  the  historical  researches  of  Washington 
Irving.  1828. 

122.  General  correspondence  of  Spanish  legation  at  Washington.     1819. 

123.  Correspondence  (1819-1822)  of  the  Spanish  legation  at  Washington, 

of  the  Spanish  embassies  at  London,  Paris,  St.  Petersburg,  Vienna 
s  and  Rome,  of  the  American  minister  at  Madrid,  and  of  various 

colonial  officials  concerning: 

The  efforts  of  Spain  to  enlist  the  support  of  Great  Britain  and 
other  European  powers  against  the  United  States,  in  view  of  the 
policy  of  that  country  toward  the  revolution  in  the  Spanish  colo- 
nies and  its  recognition  of  their  independence. 


50  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

The  attempts  of  Spain  to  modify  the  treaty  of  1819  before  its  rati- 
fication in  1822. 

The  boundaries  of  Louisiana  and  the  Floridas,  and  the  grants  of 
land  in  those  provinces. 

Means  for  promoting  the  safety,  settlement,  and  material  pros- 
perity of  Texas. 

124.  Documents  concerning : 

The  negotiations  between  Spain  and  the  United  States  relative  to 

the  cession  of  the  Floridas  (1819-1820). 
The  request  of  the  United  States  for  permission  to  take  from  the 

archives  at  Havana  the  papers  referring  to  the  Floridas  (1819- 

1837). 
The  assistance  afforded  by  the  Americans  to  the  insurgents  in  the 

Spanish  colonies   (1820). 

125.  General  correspondence  of  Spanish  legation  at  Washington.     1820. 

126.  Reports  of  the  council  of  State  on  the  cession  of  the  Floridas  to 

the  United  States,  and  the  share  of  Yrujo  in  this  transaction.   1820. 

127.  Documents  concerning  claims  for  property  confiscated  by  Jackson 

in  Pensacola.     1820-1821. 

128.  Documents  relative  to  the  reciprocal  claims  pending  against   the 

United  States  and  Spain,  and  also  to  their  adjustment  by  the  con- 
vention of  1834.  1820-1837. 

129.  General  correspondence  of  Spanish  legation  at  Washington.     1821. 

130.  Report  of  the  Council  of  State  on  the  sale  in  Spanish  ports  of  certain 

English  vessels  captured  by  American  privateers  during  the  war 
of  1812.  1821. 

131.  Correspondence    (1821)    relative  to: 

The  fitting  out  of  insurgent  privateers  at  Baltimore. 

The  expulsion  of  Spanish  officials  from  Florida. 

The  claims  of  American  citizens  against  Spain. 

The  claims  of  Spanish  subjects  against  the  United  States  for  inju- 
ries sustained  during  the  invasion  of  Florida  by  Jackson. 

The  authorization  by  the  Cortes  for  the  conclusion  of  the  arrange- 
ments for  the  cession  of  the  Floridas  to  the  United  States. 

The  delivery  of  military  stores  in  the  Floridas. 

132.  Correspondence  of  the  Spanish  minister  at  Washington  in  reference 

to  the  claims  of  American  citizens  against  Spain,  and  to  the  counter- 
claims of  Spanish  subjects  against  the  United  States,  as  bearing 
upon  the  execution  of  the  treaty  of  1819  for  the  cession  of  the 
Floridas.  1821-1827.  Among  the  documents  are  included  various 
communications  from  Yrujo,  Pinckney,  Monroe,  the  Spanish  am- 
bassador at  Paris,  and  others,  ranging  in  date  from  1801  to  1805. 

133.  General  correspondence  of  Spanish  legation  at  Washington.     1822. 

134.  Reports  of  the  Council  of  State  (1822)  on: 

The  erection  of  an  American  consulate  in  Manila. 

The  determination  of  boundaries  between  the  Spanish  possessions 

and  those  of  the  United  States. 
The  recognition  by  the  United  States  of  the  independence  of  the 

Spanish-American  republics. 


National  Historical  Archives.  51 

The  regulation  of  commercial  relations  between  Spain  and  the 
United  States. 

135.  Correspondence  concerning : 

Requests  and  counter-requests  of  Spain  and  the  United  States  for 

restoration  of  documents  belonging  to  archives  of  the  Floridas 

(1822). 
The  recognition  by  the  United  States  of  the  independence  of  the 

Spanish-American  republics  (1822). 
The  sudden  departure  without  permission  of  the  Spanish  minister 

at  Washington  (1823). 
The  requests  of  the  American  minister  at  Madrid  for  information 

in  regard  to  grants  of  land  in  Louisiana  and  the  Floridas  (1823- 

1830). 

136.  General  correspondence  of  Spanish  legation  at  Washington.    1823. 

137.  General  correspondence  of  Spanish  legation  at  Washington.    1824. 

138.  Reports  of  the  Council  of  State  (1824-1827)  on: 

Complaints  by  the  United  States  against  the  depredations  com- 
mitted by  Spanish  pirates  and  privateers. 

The  arbitrary  conduct  of  Spanish  officials  in  reference  to  Ameri- 
can vessels. 

The  demands  of  the  United  States  for  indemnity. 

139.  Correspondence  relative  to : 

The  requests  of  the  United  States  for  papers  in  Havana  belonging 

to  the  archives  of  the  Floridas  (1824). 
The  military  stores  left  in  the  Floridas  at  the  time  of  their  cession 

to  the  United  States  (1824). 
Treaty  of  commerce  between  Colombia  and  the  United  States 

(1824). 
Arms  and  ammunition  shipped  to  the  Spanish-American  republics 

from  ports  in  the  United  States  (1824-1826). 
The  Congress  of  Panama  (1826-1827). 
The  attacks  of  American  pirates  on  Spanish  vessels  (1829). 
The  designs  of  the  United  States  in  reference  to  Texas  (1829). 

140.  General  correspondence  of  the  Spanish  legation  at  Washington.  1825. 

141.  Papers  relative  to  the  naval  career  of  David  Porter.     1825-1828. 

142.  Report  of  the  Council  of  State  on  the  prolonged  stay  of  American 

vessels  in  Spanish  ports,  and  especially  in  the  port  of  Mahon.  1826. 

143.  General   correspondence  of   the   Spanish   legation  at  Washington. 

1826-1827. 
1  H.  General  correspondence  of  Spanish  legation  at  Washington.    1827. 

145.  General  correspondence  of  Spanish  legation  at  Washington.    1828. 

146.  Report  of  the  Council  of  State  on  the  course  of  negotiation  between 

Spain  and  the  United  States  since  1823,  concerning  the  restoration 
of  Spanish  power  in  America.     1828. 

147.  General  correspondence  of  Spanish  legation  at  Washington.    1829. 

148.  Report  of  the  Council  of  State  on  the  question  of  abolishing  the 

pension  granted  to  colored  persons  who  retired  to  Cuba  when  the 
Floridas  were  ceded  to  the  United  States.     1829. 

149.  General  correspondence  of  Spanish  legation  at  Washington.    1830. 


5*  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

150.  Correspondence  of  the  Spanish  legation  at  Washington  concerning 

the  treatment  of  Spanish  vessels  in  the  ports  of  the  United 
States.  1830-1849. 

151.  Correspondence  of  the  American  legation  at  Madrid  in  reference 

to  (1)  the  excessive  rates  of  postage  charged  on  mail  matter 
addressed  to  the  American  legation  and  consulates  in  Spain,  and 
brought  to  Spanish  ports  in  American  vessels;  and  (2)  the  pro- 
posal of  the  United  States  for  a  commercial  treaty  with  Spain, 
based  on  the  principle  of  reciprocity.  1830-1855. 

152.  General  correspondence  of  Spanish  legation  at  Washington.    1831. 

153.  Papers  concerning  the  refutation  of  the  charges  of  piracy  brought 

against  certain  Spaniards  by  the  pirate  Charles  Gibbs.     1831. 

154.  Correspondence  concerning  the  request  of  the  United   States   for 

documents  belonging  to  the  archives  of  the  Floridas,  and  for  copies 
of  papers  dealing  with  grants  of  land  in  Louisiana.  1831-1836. 

155.  General  correspondence  of  Spanish  legation  at  Washington.    1832. 

156.  General  correspondence  of  Spanish  legation  at  Washington.    1833. 

157.  Papers  of  the  Council  of  Government   relative  to  the   indemnity 

claimed  by  the  United  States  for  the  seizure  of  American  vessels 
since  1808.  1833. 

158.  Correspondence  relative  to: 

The  request  of  the  United  States  for  documents  belonging  to  the 

archives  of  the  Floridas  (1839). 
The  necessity   for  enlarging  the   commercial   relations   between 

Spain  and  the  United  States  (1842). 
The  blockade  of  Mexican  ports  by  American  warships,  and  the 

injury  thereby  caused  to  the  shipping  interests  of  Spain  (1846- 

1847). 

159.  Documents  relative  to: 

The  proposed  acquisition  of  Cuba  by  the  United  States,  the  efforts 
to  foment  a  revolution  in  that  Island,  the  expedition  of  Lopez, 
etc.  (1844-1850). 

The  request  of  the  United  States  for  copies  of  documents  bearing 
upon  the  boundaries  of  the  former  Spanish  provinces  in  that 
country  (1850). 

The  claim  of  the  United  States  to  the  right  of  dealing  directly  with 
the  colonial  authorities  in  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico,  instead  ofjj 
through  the  medium  of  the  Spanish  government  (1850-1857). 

160.  Correspondence  concerning : 

The  reports  that  Mexican  privateers  were  being  fitted  out  in  Cuba 

(1846-1847). 
The  supposed  intention  of  Spain  to  sell  Cuba  to  the  United  States 

(1846-1850). 
The  claims  of  Spain  to  indemnity  for  injuries  to  Spanish  interests 

sustained  on  account  of  the  war  between  Mexico  and  the  United] 

States   (1847-1852). 
The  request  of  the  United  States  for  copies  of  documents  relating 

to  land  grants  in  the  Floridas,  Louisiana,  New  Mexico,  and] 

Upper  California  (1848-1849). 


National  Historical  Archives.  53 

161.  Correspondence  concerning  (1)  the  warning  of  Spain  to  the  United 
States  of  the  purpose  of  Great  Britain  to  acquire  a  port  in  Santo 
Domingo  (1849)  ;  and  (2)  American  projects  for  the  invasion 
of  Cuba  (1849-1850). 

II.    MAPS. 

The  National  Historical  Archives  contain  upwards  of  thirty  maps 
descriptive  of  those  parts  of  the  United  States  which  were  once  under 
Spanish  rule.  A  few  of  the  maps  may  be  encountered  in  the  legajos  of 
state  papers,  but  most  of  them  have  been  drawn  out  and  placed  in  the 
"Seccion  de  Mapas,"  which  constitutes  a  subdivision  of  the  official  section 
called  "Miscellaneous"  (Varies).  All  of  the  maps  were  prepared  in  the 
eighteenth  century.  In  the  list  the  Californias  and  New  Mexico  are  repre- 
sented  by  19  maps  dated  between  1775  and  1793;  Louisiana  by  5,  of 
various  dates  up  to  1793;  Texas  by  3,  dated  between  1769  and  1808; 
North  America  at  large  by  2;  Kentucky  by  1,  dated  1874;  Kentucky, 
Cumberland,  and  Franklin,  by  one  undated,  but  probably  belonging  to  the 
decade  1780-1790;  and  the  Floridas  by  1,  dated  1769. 


GENERAL  ARCHIVES   OF  THE  INDIES. 
(Archive  General  de  Indias.) 

This  unique  collection  of  some  40,000  legajos  of  documentary  material 
relating  to  the  former  dominions  of  Spain  in  America  and  the  Philippines 
is  located  at  Seville  in  the  "Casa  Lonja"  or  "Exchange,"  a  building 
erected  in  1598  to  serve  as  the  headquarters  of  the  House  of  Trade  (Casa 
de  Contratacion).  The  "Casa  Lonja"  itself  is  a  large  square  edifice  two 
stories  in  height,  but  its  proportions  are  somewhat  dwarfed  by  its  prox- 
imity to  the  massive  cathedral.  It  is  built  about  a  fine  patio  or  court  open 
to  the  sky,  flanked  by  arcades,  and  paved  with  marble  slabs.  The  ground 
floor  is  occupied  by  the  chamber  of  commerce  of  Seville  and  by  the  board 
of  public  works  concerned  in  improving  the  navigation  of  the  river  Gua- 
dalquivir. A  handsome  staircase  of  colored  marble  leads  to  the  second 
floor,  which  is  given  over  to  the  Archives  of  the  Indies.  The  latter  con- 
tain a  general  workroom  and  library,  the  office  of  the  director,  and  two 
sets  of  long  galleries,  separated  by  archways  and  facing,  the  one  the 
street,  the  other  the  court.  Along  the  sides  of  the  galleries  for  the  most 
part  range  tall  antique  wooden  racks  (estantes)  divided  into  compartments 
(cajones)  which  in  turn  are  filled  with  the  legajos.  On  the  walls  are  hung 
portraits  of  Spanish  monarchs  and  of  men  distinguished  in  the  colonial 
service.  Numerous  frames  and  show-cases,  also,  inclose  documents  of 
special  interest  or  value. 

The  quarters  allotted  to  the  archives  in  the  building  itself  are  cramped, 
and  the  equipment  for  the  arrangement  of  the  documents  and  for  their 
preservation  from  fire  and  the  ravages  of  the  paper  moth  (polilla)  is  inade- 
quate. Owing  to  the  lack  of  wall  space,  racks,  and  shelvings,  thousands 
of  legajos  lie  stacked  along  the  stone  floors  of  the  galleries,  and  even  of 
the  open  arcades  surrounding  the  court,  while  in  a  cellar-like  room  on  the 
ground  floor  is  a  huge  heap  of  such  bundles,  neglected  and  utterly  in  con- 
fusion. As  in  the  case  of  Simancas  and  its  defects,  successive  directors, 
foreign  critics,  and  public-spirited  Spaniards  have  urged  that  the  entire 
building  be  given  up  to  the  archives,  that  the  court  be  provided  with  a 
glass  roof,  and  that  the  various  facilities  for  placing  and  safeguarding  the 
papers  be  improved.  Thus  far,  however,  the  Spanish  government  has  not 
carried  out  the  suggestions. 

The  idea  of  creating  a  special  collection  of  colonial  records  may  be 
traced  as  far  back  as  the  reign  of  Philip  II.,  when  the  officials  at  Simancas 
were  ordered  to  assort  and  to  catalogue  the  documents  in  that  repository 

55 


5<5  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

which  related  to  the  Indies.  Since  many  of  the  offices  connected  with  the 
colonial  administration  failed  to  send  their  accumulated  papers  to  Siman- 
cas,  nothing  further  in  the  matter  appears  to  have  been  done  until  1778. 
In  that  year  Juan  Bautista  Munoz,  the  famous  compiler  and  historian, 
suggested  to  King  Charles  III.  the  preparation  of  a  history  of  the  Spanish 
Indies  based  on  "authentic  and  incontestable  documents."  Forthwith  the 
king  repeated  the  order  of  his  predecessor  in  reference  to  Simancas,  and 
also  empowered  an  official  to  ascertain  the  condition  of  the  documentary 
materials  preserved  in  Seville  and  Cadiz.  In  1779  Munoz  received  a 
royal  commission  to  write  the  history  in  question.  Finding  that  the  docu- 
ments he  needed  were  widely  dispersed,  as  well  as  ill  kept  and  arranged, 
he  called  the  attention  of  Jose  de  Galvez,  the  Minister  of  the  Indies,  to  the 
immense  benefit  that  would  result  from  the  establishment  of  a  separate 
repository  for  colonial  papers.  Galvez  approved  the  idea,  and  designated 
the  "Casa  Lonja"  at  Seville  as  a  suitable  building  in  which  to  store  the 
records.  The  motives  that  determined  the  choice  of  location  are  apparent 
enough.  Since  1717,  when  the  offices  of  the  "House  of  Trade"  were 
transferred  to  Cadiz,  the  "Casa  Lonja"  had  been  untenanted.  For  many 
years,  also,  Seville  had  been  the  emporium  of  commerce  between  Spain 
and  the  colonies.  Hence  economy  and  sentiment  both  suggested  the 
vacant  building  in  the  Andalusian  city  as  the  home  of  the  Archives  of  the 
Indies. 

Orders  having  been  sent  to  the  officials  at  Simancas  to  prepare  the 
papers  that  concerned  the  Indies  for  transmission  to  Seville,  Munoz  was 
appointed  in  1784  as  the  head  of  a  commission  to  superintend  a  similar 
task  in  Madrid,  Cadiz,  Seville,  and  elsewhere.  At  the  same  time  the  com- 
mission was  directed  to  assume  charge  of  whatever  changes  in  the  interior 
of  the  "Casa  Lonja"  might  be  necessary  for  the  proper  installation  of  the 
tons  of  manuscript  to  come.  With  the  arrival  of  the  first  consignment  of 
papers  in  1785  the  Archives  of  the  Indies  were  fairly  established. 

The  real  object  of  Charles  III.  in  creating  the  new  repository  was  much 
less  the  encouragement  of  historical  studies  than  the  facilitation  of  admin- 
istrative processes.  In  his  instructions  of  October,  1789,  entitled  "Orde- 
nanzas  para  el  Archive  General  de  Indias,"  the  king  declared  that  he  had 
in  mind  "the  preservation  and  good  arrangement  of  the  papers  in  order  to 
assure  the  rights  of  the  royal  patrimony,  to  enlighten  the  government  and 
its  tribunals,  to  protect  his  subjects  in  their  privileges,  to  elucidate  history, 
and  to  minister  to  various  other  branches  of  knowledge  useful  to  human 
culture  in  general."  The  documents  in  the  Archives  of  the  Indies,  accord- 
ingly, were  to  constitute  a  sort  of  legal  arsenal  in  which  the  crown  could 
find  the  proper  weapons  to  defend  its  prerogatives,  and  gather  the  infor- 
mation needed  for  the  government  of  its  distant  dominions.  On  the  other 


Archives  of  the  Indies.  57 

hand  the  opportunities  for  historical  research  were  too  much  restricted  to 
afford  any  real  advantage  to  the  investigator.  Not  only  did  the  "Orde- 
nanzas" forbid  any  examination  of  the  papers  by  private  individuals,  but 
they  subjected  all  inquiries  for  information  of  a  historical  character  to  the 
slow  and  perfunctory  processes  of  an  official  routine  which  rarely  yielded 
anything  of  value.  It  is  easy  to  understand,  therefore,  why  the  Archives  of 
the  Indies  continued  to  be  an  administrative  centre,  rather  than  a  repository 
of  historical  materials,  long  after  similar  collections  elsewhere  in  Spain 
had  been  made  accessible  to  the  public.  During  this  period,  also,  the 
"Ordenanzas"  remained  nominally  in  force;  but  as  a  matter  of  fact  per- 
mission could  be  obtained  from  the  Minister  of  the  Colonies  (Ministro  de 
Ultramar)  to  examine  the  papers  in  person  and  to  procure  copies  of  them. 
In  1894  the  Archives  of  the  Indies  became  altogether  public  by  their  incor- 
poration into  the  archival  system  of  the  kingdom. 

The  name  of  the  repository,  be  it  said,  conveys  a  wrong  idea.  In  reality 
the  collection  in  the  "Casa  Lonja"  at  Seville  is  almost  as  far  from  possess- 
ing a  legitimate  claim  to  the  title  "Archives  of  the  Indies"  as  that  in  the 
building  of  the  National  Library  at  Madrid  is  from  justifying  its  large 
designation  "National  Historical  Archives."  So  incomplete  were  the 
transmissions  of  documents  to  Seville  after  1785  that  untold  millions  of 
papers  relating  to  the  colonial  dominions  of  Spain  are  still  to  be  found  in 
Madrid,  Simancas,  and  other  places.  Despite,  also,  the  repeated  efforts 
hitherto  made  to  have  all  the  materials  on  this  theme  deposited  in  Seville, 
where  they  properly  belong,  the  prospect  for  the  accomplishment  of  so 
excellent  a  design  seems  remote.  Until  it  is  realized,  the  "Archives  of 
the  Indies"  must  continue  to  represent  an  ideal  rather  than  a  fact. 

It  is  true,  nevertheless,  that  abundant  materials  for  the  history  of  every 
province  in  the  former  Spanish  Indies,  including  the  Canary  Islands,  the 
Philippines,  and  the  dependencies  of  the  latter  in  the  Pacific,  may  be  found 
in  the  "Casa  Lonja."  The  documents  range  in  date  from  the  discovery 
of  America  to  approximately  1850,  but  the  papers  dated  since  the  begin- 
ning of  the  nineteenth  century  are  relatively  few.  In  general  their  classi- 
fication is  still  that  prescribed  by  the  "Ordenanzas"  of  1789.  Though 
complicated,  it  is  probably  as  exact  as  the  involved  character  of  the  Span- 
ish colonial  administration  and  the  resources  at  the  disposal  of  the  archi- 
vists would  allow.  Viewed  as  a  whole  two  main  divisions  appear:  the 
papers  proceeding  from  the  House  of  Trade,  and  such  as  come  from  the 
Council  of  the  Indies  and  its  multifarious  offices.  Both  of  them  are  sub- 
divided into  sections  according  to  the  subject-matter  of  which  the  docu- 
ments may  treat,  or  according  to  the  particular  offices  or  localities  from 
which  they  had  been  sent  to  Seville.  Some  of  the  sections  in  turn  are 
arranged  in  topographical  groups  by  audiencias,  others  in  administrative 


5$  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

groups  determined  by  the  office  of  government  concerned,  still  others  in 
groups  more  or  less  arbitrarily  formed.  Within  each  group,  so  far  as 
practicable,  the  order  of  the  legajos  is  chronological.  The  same  is 
intended  to  be  true  of  the  individual  expedientes  and  documents  which 
they  contain,  but  exceptions  are  quite  common. 

To  ascertain  the  shelf-numbers  and  general  contents  of  the  legajos,  a 
series  of  more  or  less  elaborate  manuscript  inventories,  indexes,  and 
papeletas  must  be  consulted.  These  are  arranged  variously  in  topograph- 
ical, chronological,  and  alphabetical  order.  In  a  few  cases  they  are 
detailed  enough  to  furnish  a  clue  to  the  subject-matter  of  the  expedientes, 
and  even  of  the  individual  documents,  in  the  legajos. 

Where  the  collocation  of  the  papers  is  according  to  estante,  cajdn,  and 
legajo,  five  columns  will  be  found  on  the  pages  of  the  corresponding  inven- 
tories and  indexes.  In  the  first  column  appears  the  number  of  the 
estante,  in  the  second  that  of  the  cajon,  and  in  the  third  that  of  the  legajo, 
or  legajos  if  a  particular  topic  is  treated  in  several  of  them.  The  fourth 
column  mentions  the  subject-matter  of  the  legajo  or  legajos,  and  the  fifth 
their  inclusive  dates.  Two  forms  of  enumeration,  furthermore,  may  be 
given  in  the  legajo  column.  Should  the  numeral  appear  in  the  form  of  a 
fraction,  the  figure  above  the  line  denotes  either  the  specific  number  of  an 
expediente  within  the  legajo  itself,  or  the  inclusive  number  of  legajos  in 
the  cajon  which  deal  with  a  certain  subject;  while  the  figure  or  figures 
below  the  line  specify  the  consecutive  number  of  such  legajos  in  the  entire 
series  comprised  within  the  cajon.  On  the  other  hand,  should  figures  in 
both  ink  and  pencil  be  written  in  the  legajo  column,  those  in  ink  refer  to 
the  number  of  legajos,  the  contents  of  which  concern  a  given  topic,  and 
those  in  pencil  to  the  successive  enumeration  of  the  legajos  in  the  cajon 
as  before.  In  all  cases  of  classification  as  above  described,  therefore,  the 
citation  of  a  shelf-number  calls  for  the  figures  found  in  the  estante,  cajon 
and  legajo  columns  respectively.  Should  the  shelf-number  appearing  in 
any  inventory  or  index  or  in  a  papeleta  be  not  so  composed,  nothing  more 
need  be  given  than  the  name  of  the  particular  section  in  the  archives  and 
the  specific  number  of  the  legajo  in  the  series. 

Despite  the  elaborateness  with  which  many  of  the  inventories  and 
indexes  have  been  prepared,  however,  it  frequently  happens  that  they 
afford  no  direct  clue  to  certain  classes  of  papers  which  may  concern  the 
United  States.  Especially  is  this  the  case  with  documents  relating  to 
judicial,  financial,  and  commercial  matters,  in  which  the  topographical 
element  in  classification  is  sometimes  quite  obscure  or  non-existent. 
Under  such  circumstances  the  only  recourse  left  to  the  investigator  is  to 
examine  the  legajos  according  to  their  dates,  or  according  to  those  names 
of  persons  with  which,  he  has  reason  to  believe,  documents  of  historical 
interest  may  be  associated. 


Archives  of  the  Indies.  5P 

The  Archives  of  the  Indies  are  open  during  most  of  the  year  from 
11  a.  m.  to  4  p.  m.,  except  on  Saturdays,  when  they  close  at  3  p.  m.,  and 
in  the  summer  months  from  8  a.  m.  to  12  m.  only.  As  in  Simancas  the 
rules  are  liberally  construed.  Responsible  persons  may  use  the  manu- 
script guides  freely.  No  limitation  is  placed  upon  the  number  of  legajos 
which  an  investigator  desires  to  examine  at  a  time,  provided  that  other 
workers  are  not  inconvenienced  thereby,  and  that  the  contents  of  one 
legajo  are  not  confused  with  those  of  another.  The  shelf-numbers  may  be 
written  on  any  available  slip  of  paper  and  handed  directly  to  one  of  the 
porters.  In  the  library  and  workroom,  also,  a  collection  of  books  dealing 
with  the  history  and  administration  of  the  Spanish  colonies  is  at  the 
service  of  the  investigator. 

No  adequate  account  of  the  Archives  of  the  Indies  exists  in  print,  nor 
has  any  guide  to  them  been  published.  Sketches  of  the  collection,  how- 
ever, will  be  found  in  a  booklet  by  Villa-amil  y  Castro,  a  former  director, 
entitled  Breve  Resena  Historico-Descriptiva  del  Archive  General  de 
Indias,  y  Noticia  de  algunos  de  sus  principals  Docnmentos  (Seville, 
1884)  ;  in  Archives  des  Missions  Scientifiques  et  Litter  air  es,  second  series, 
vol.  II.,  p.  367;  and  in  Nouvelles  Archives  des  Missions  Scientifiques  et 
Litteraires,  vol.  VI.,  p.  613. 

I.    "AUDIENCIAS." 

This  great  mass  of  documents  emanating  from  the  Council  of  the  Indies 
and  from  the  various  colonial  authorities  covers  the  period  from  the  first 
quarter  of  the  sixteenth  century  to  about  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth. 
Its  chief  mode  of  classification  is  the  topographical  one  by  audiencias. 
The  papers  included  under  each  audiencia  are  then  arranged  according  as 
they  concern  the  entire  district  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  of  that  body  of 
magistrates  (distrito  de  toda  la  audiencia),  or  the  specific  provinces  or 
localities  within  it.  As  a  rule  the  documents  classed  in  this  way  by 
audiencias  are  in  turn  divided  into  three  so-called  "branches"  (ramos), 
namely:  secular  (ramo  secular),  ecclesiastical  (ramo  ecclcsidstico),  and 
secular  and  ecclesiastical  (ramo  secular  y  ecclesiastico).  Especially  in  the 
case  of  the  documents  of  later  date,  the  contents  of  the  secular  "branch" 
are  sometimes  arranged  according  to  the  governmental  departments  of 
administration  (gobierno),  war  and  marine  (guerra  y  inarina),  and  finance 
(hacienda);  but  the  distinctions  among  them,  as  well  as  between  the 
secular  and  the  ecclesiastical  branches,  are  not  closely  observed. 

In  no  sense,  however,  must  this  topographical  classification  by  audiencias 
be  taken  to  mean  that  the  documents  solely,  or  even  generally,  deal  with 
transactions  in  which  those  courts  of  justice  and  administration  were  con- 
cerned. On  the  contrary  the  Crown,  the  Council  of  the  Indies,  the  House 
of  Trade,  and  other  agencies  of  government  in  Spain,  the  colonial  officials, 


60  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

secular  and  ecclesiastical,  of  all  ranks,  and  private  individuals  are  alike 
represented.  In  fact  the  individual  papers  and  the  various  groups  of  them 
(expedientes)  are  of  almost  every  conceivable  description. 

To  ascertain  the  general  contents  and  the  shelf-numbers  of  the  legajos, 
an  inventory  in  two  volumes,  entitled,  "Indice  general  por  Audiencias," 
must  be  consulted.  The  first  volume  lists  the  older  class  of  documents  in 
two  main  forms,  first  as  they  came  from  Simancas,  and  second,  as  they 
came  directly  from  the  offices  of  correspondence  with  the  colonies  in  North 
America  and  the  West  Indies  (Secretaria  de  Nueva  Espana),  and  with 
those  in  South  America  (Secretaria  del  Peru),  belonging  to  the  Council 
of  the  Indies.  No  such  distinction  between  the  two  sets  of  consignments, 
however,  appears  either  in  the  second  volume  of  the  inventory,  which  lists 
the  later  class  of  documents,  or  in  the  actual  collocation  of  the  legajos  on 
the  shelves  by  estante  and  cajon.  Furthermore,  the  dates  of  the  legajos 
cited  in  both  volumes  overlap  in  a  manner  too  confusing  to  enable  one  to 
fix  a  precise  line  of  demarcation  between  their  respective  contents.  In  the 
description  of  the  materials  relating  to  the  United  States,  therefore,  appro- 
priate reference  will  be  made  to  the  separate  volumes.  The  various  entries 
under  each  heading  of  the  description,  it  should  be  said,  are,  for  the  most 
part,  free  translations  of  those  in  the  inventory. 

A  special  inventory,  also,  in  the  form  of  loose  sheets,  is  available.  It 
concerns  only  the  legajos  arranged  under  the  caption  of  the  Audiencia  of 
Santo  Domingo.  The  chief  point  of  difference  between  this  and  the  regu- 
lar inventory  consists  in  specifying  the  inclusive  dates  of  each  individual 
legajo,  instead  of  assigning  such  dates  to  a  group  of  legajos,  the  contents 
of  which  may  refer  to  a  single  subject. 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 
A.  AUDIENCIA  OF  SANTO  DOMINGO  (INVENTORY  I). 

/  i.    "St.  Augustine  in  Florida." 

Secular  Branch: 

1.  Letters  and  expedientes  of  secular  persons,  4  legajos,  1539-1699. 

2.  Id.  of  royal  officials,  2  legajos,  1560-1700. 

3.  Id.  of  governors,  5  legajos,  1568-1700. 
Ecclesiastical  Branch: 

1.  Letters  and  expedientes  of  ecclesiastical  persons,  1  legajo,  1573-1700. 

a.    "Province  of  Florida." 
Secular  Branch: 

1.  Letters  and  expedientes  of  secular  persons,  2  legajos,  1619-1759. 

2.  Expediente  concerning  appointments  to  office,  civil  and  military, 

1  legajo,  1637-1756. 

3.  Id.  concerning  the  maintenance  of  the  garrison  at  St.  Augustine,  1 

legajo,  1654-1705. 

4.  Letters  and  expedientes  of  the  governors,  8  legajos,  1655-1759. 


Archives  of  the  Indies.  61 

5.  Letters  and  expedientes  of  royal  officials,  1  legajo,  1668-1759. 

6.  Expedient e  concerning  the  subsidy,  2  legajos,  1692-1746. 

7.  Id.  concerning  the  dispatch  of  colonists  to  Florida  and  other  prov- 
inces in  New  Spain,  1  legajo,  1673-1741. 

8.  Letters  from  Seville,  Cadiz  and  other  towns  in  Spain  referring  to 
Florida,  1  legajo,  1682-1759. 

9.  Expediente  concerning  the  invasion  of  Florida  by  pirates,  and  con- 
cerning also  "the  sentence  of  death  pronounced  by  the  governor 
upon   Andres   Barzon,   an   Englishman,    from    which   the   victim 
escaped  because  of  the  breaking  of  the  cords  of  the  garrote,"  1 
legajo,  1684-1702. 

10.  Testimony  in  legal  proceedings  relative  to  the  collection  of  the  sub- 

sidy, 1  legajo,  1702-1710. 

11.  Expediente  concerning  the  official  trial    (residencia)   of  Jose  de 

Zufiiga  y  la  Cerda  by  Francisco  Corcoles  y  Martinez,  governor  of 
Florida,  1  legajo,  1703-1710. 

12.  Id.  concerning  an  investigation  (pesquisa)  into  the  official  conduct 

of  Jose  Pedraso  and  Juan  de  Ayola,  1  legajo,  1713-1728. 

13.  Id.  concerning  the  conversion  of  the  Cayo  Indians,  1  legajo,  1715- 

1743. 

14.  Legal  proceedings  (autos)  in  reference  to  an  accounting  by  the  offi- 

cials of  the  treasury  for  the  40,000  pesos  appropriated  for  the  main- 
tenance and  repair  of  churches,  1  legajo,  1731-1732. 

15.  Expediente  concerning  an  investigation  into  the  official  conduct  of 

Francisco  del  Moral  y  Sanchez,  governor  of  Florida,  and  concern- 
ing also  his  subsequent  trial,  1  legajo,  1734-1747. 

16.  Id.  concerning  supplies  for  the  troops  in  Florida,  and  concerning 

also  the  establishment  of  the  post  at  Apalachee  Bay  (St.  Marks),  1 
legajo,  1742-1747. 
Ecclesiastical  Branch: 

1.  Letters  and  expedientes  of  ecclesiastical  persons,  1  legajo,  1642-1745. 

2.  Expediente  concerning  the  election  of  a  suffragan  bishop  of  the  dio- 

cese of  Cuba  who  should  reside  in  Florida,  1  legajo,  1661-1734. 

3.  Id.  concerning  the  missions  of  Florida  and  their  subsidies,  1  legajo, 

1713-1749. 

4.  Id.  concerning  the  disturbances  caused  by  two  meetings  held  by 

Franciscan  friars,  1  legajo,  1720-1739. 
Secular  and  Ecclesiastical  Branch: 

1.  Minutes  of  reports,  dispatches,  and  papers  of  the  Secretariat  of  New 

Spain,  5  legajos,  1648-1759. 

2.  Original  reports  and  decrees,  1  legajo,  1668-1759. 

B.    AUDIENCIA  OF  MEXICO   (INVENTORY  I). 

Secular  Branch  of  the  Entire  District: 

1.  Expediente  concerning  the  examination  and  fortification  of  the  Bay 

of  Espiritu  Santo  on  the  northern  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  3 
legajos,  1684-1705. 

2.  Id.  concerning  the  French  settlements  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  1 

legajo,  1701-1719. 


6^  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

3.  Expediente  concerning  the  "colonization  and  pacification  of  the  coast 
of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,"  5  legajos,  1736-1775. 

C.    AUDIENCIA  OF  GUADALAJARA  (INVENTORY  I). 

Secular  Branch: 

1.  Expediente  concerning  the  conquest  of  New  Mexico,  5  legajos,  1639- 

1754. 

2.  Id.  concerning  the  taxation  of  gold  and  silver  mines  worked  in  New 

Mexico,  1  legajo,  1712-1722. 

3.  Expediencies  relative  to  the  colonization  of  Texas,  1  legajo,  1732. 

4.  Expedience  concerning  silver  found  in  "Pimeria  Alta"  (Arizona),  1 

legajo,  1737-1740. 

5.  Id.  concerning  the  transference  of  the  fort  of  San  Javier  in  Texas  to 

La  Sava,  and  concerning  also  the  increase  of  its  garrison,  1  legajo, 
1758. 

D.    AUDIENCIA  OF  SANTO  DOMINGO  (INVENTORY  II). 

i.    Santo  Domingo. 
Secular  Branch: 

Various  expedientes  in  reference  to  the  dispatch  of  colonists  from  the 
Canary  Islands  to  Santo  Domingo  and  Florida,  1  legajo,  1764. 

a.    Cuba. 
Secular  Branch: 

1.  Expediente  concerning  the  settlement  at  Matanzas  of  emigrants  from 

Florida,  1775. 

2.  Reserved  expediente  concerning  relations  with  the  Americans.     This 

comprises  the  correspondence  of  the  captain-general  at  Havana,  of 
the  governor  of  Louisiana,  of  Rawlins  Lowndes,  governor  of  South 
Carolina,  of  Alexander  Gillon,  commander  of  a  South  Carolina 
squadron,  of  Oliver  Pollock  and  others,  together  with  a  variety  of 
royal  orders,  bearing  upon  (1)  the  missions  of  Eduardo,  Miralles, 
Raffelin,  and  La  Puente  to  gather  information  about  the  course  of 
the  American  Revolution,  and  to  examine  the  situation  of  the  Eng- 
lish in  the  Floridas;  (2)  the  sending  of  supplies  to  the  American 
agents  at  New  Orleans  and  elsewhere;  (3)  the  favors  shown  to 
American  shipping  in  the  port  of  Havana;  and  (4)  the  possibility 
of  regaining  the  Floridas  from  the  English.  1  legajo,  1776-1779. 

3.  Correspondence  of  the  captain-general  and  the  adjutant-major  at 

Havana  concerning  (1)  the  payment  for  tobacco  imported  from 
Louisiana;  and  (2)  the  treatment  of  American  vessels  in  the  port 
of  Havana.  Part  of  1  legajo,  1778-1781. 

4.  Expediente  concerning  an  increase  in  the  size  of  the  regiments  sta- 

tioned in  Havana  and  Louisiana,  their  clothing,  equipments,  etc. 
Ecclesiastical  Branch: 

1.  Three  expedientes  relative  to  the  request  of  certain  Franciscans  in 

the  Floridas  and  Louisiana  for  the  erection  of  convents  in  various 
towns  in  Cuba,  1  legajo,  1776. 

2.  Three  expedientes  emanating  from  the  superior  of  the  Franciscans  at 


Archives  of  the  Indies.  63 

Santa  Helena  in  East  Florida,  concerning  his  retirement,  the  ren- 
dering of  his  accounts,  and  the  coming  of  a  number  of  Spanish 
friars,  1  legajo,  1786. 

3.  Expediente  in  reference  to  the  feasibility  of  separating  Louisiana  and 
the  Floridas  from  the  diocese  of  Havana,  and  of  founding  a  bish- 
opric in  those  provinces,  1  legajo,  1793. 

3.    Louisiana  and  Florida. 

Secular  Branch,  Administration: 

1.  Registers  of  royal  orders  and  appointments  directed  to  officials  and 

private  individuals  in  Florida,  1  legajo,  1570-1604. 

2.  Royal  decrees  concerning  rewards  and  pensions,  1  legajo,  1598-1818. 

3.  Administrative  matters  and  reports  (catenas  gobernativas  e  infor- 

mes),  1  legajo,  1602-1818.  The  inventory  puts  the  inclusive  dates 
as  1742-1818.  Among  other  things  the  legajo  contains  (1)  a 
report  on  the  condition  of  Florida  in  1602;  and  (2)  a  manuscript 
book  bound  in  parchment  and  entitled  "Demostracion  historiogra- 
phica  del  derecho  que  tiene  el  Rey  Catholico  del  territorio  que  oy 
posee  el  Rey  Britanico  con  el  nombre  de  Nueva  Georgia  en  las 
provincias  y  continente  de  la  Florida,  en  la  que  se  prueba  el  Domi- 
nio  Poscitivo  que  tiene  el  Rey  de  Espana  hasta  la  Latitud  septen- 
trional de  32  grades  30  minutos  Ynclusive,  en  que  se  halla  la  Barra 
de  la  Ysla  de  Sta.  Elena,  termino  por  el  qual  se  deven  arreglar  los 
limites  de  las  respectivas  posceciones  en  est  aparte  de  mundo  entre 
la  Florida  y  la  Carolina.  Havana,  y  Marzo  20  de  1742."  The  book 
seems  to  be  largely  a  compilation  from  Barcia,  Ensayo  Cronologico 
para  la  Historia  General  de  la  Florida  (Madrid,  1729,  2  vols.). 

4.  Commissions  to  officials  (titulos  varios),  1  legajo,  1613-1818. 

5.  Official  correspondence  with  the  governors,  6  legajos,  1717-1819. 

6.  Expediencies  and  pleas  (instancias  de  partes),  7  legajos,  1720-1808. 

7.  Matters  referred  (remisiones)  to  the  Council,  Chamber,  and  Ministry 

of  the  Indies  for  special  consideration,  1  legajo,  1721-1824. 

8.  Bestowments  (provisiones)  of  offices,  rewards,  and  favors,  5  legajos, 

1730-1819. 

9.  Reports  of  the  Council  of  the  Indies,  2  legajos,  1731-1817. 

10.  Expedicntes  concerning  the  expulsion  of  the  English  from  the  lands 

usurped  in  Florida,  the  determination  of  the  boundaries  between 
Georgia  and  Florida,  etc.,  3  legajos,  1733-1743. 

11.  Letters  and  depositions  (testimonios)  sent  by  the  viceroy  of  New 

Spain,  concerning  the  measures  taken  to  prevent  the  entrance  of 
Frenchmen  from  Louisiana  into  Texas,  1  legajo,  1757. 

12.  Expcdientes  relative  to  matters  of  administrative   routine    (expe- 

dientes  diarios),  3  legajos,  1760-1787. 

13.  Letters  and  expedientes,  7  legajos,  1761-1822. 

14.  Two  expedientes  concerning  (1)  the  establishment  of  Spanish  power 

in  Louisiana;  and  (2)  controversies  between  the  French  and  the 
Spaniards  regarding  the  conduct  of  the  bishop  in  allowing  the 
Capuchins  to  administer  the  sacrament  of  confirmation.  1  legajo, 
1769-1771.  The  inventory  puts  the  inclusive  dates  as  1765-1773. 


64  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

15.  Expedientes  relative  to  a  census  of  the  population  in  Louisiana,  1 

legajo,  1766-1770. 

16.  Reserved  expedient es  and  orders  concerning  relations  with  the  Eng- 

lish and  the  Americans,  1  legajo,  1776-1779.  Besides  royal  orders, 
these  groups  of  documents  contain  correspondence  from  the  cap- 
tain-general at  Havana,  the  governor  of  Louisiana,  the  comman- 
dant at  St.  Louis,  the  English  governor  of  West  Florida,  English 
officers,  naval  and  military,  American  officers  in  charge  of  bands 
operating  against  the  English  settlements  on  the  lower  Mississippi, 
George  Morgan,  Charles  Lee,  Patrick  Henry,  and  the  members  of 
the  Virginia  Committee  of  Safety.  Among  the  topics  treated  in 
the  correspondence  are : 

Measures  for  gathering  information  about  the  course  of  the  Amer- 
ican Revolution,  and  for  determining  the  strength  of  the  English  in 
West  Florida. 

The  strained  relations  between  the  English  and  the  Spaniards  due  to 
the  favors  shown  by  the  latter  to  the  Americans. 

The  proposal  for  closer  commercial  connections  between  Virginia  and 
Louisiana. 

The  expedition  of  George  Rogers  Clark  to  the  Illinois  towns. 

17.  Duplicates  of  the  correspondence  of  the  governors  and  intendants, 

25  legajos,  1776-1818.  Many  of  the  originals  of  these  are  diffi- 
cult to  find  elsewhere.  Sometimes  the  "duplicates"  are  merely 
indexes  of  letters. 

18.  Correspondence  of  Miralles  and  Rendon,  2  legajos,  1779-1787.    The 

correspondence  proper  of  the  two  Spanish  commissioners  falls 
within  the  period  1779-1784.  A  few  letters  dated  between  1784 
and  1787  are  from  other  persons,  and  refer  chiefly  to  the  services  of 
Miralles. 

19.  Duplicates  of  the  correspondence  of  ministers  and  private  individ- 

uals, 1  legajo,  1780-1821. 

20.  Financial  accounts  of  the  Spanish  royal  hospital  in  the  Floridas,  1 

legajo,  1781-1800. 

21.  Expedientes  concerning  (1)  the  cession  of  Louisiana  to  the  United 

States;  (2)  the  determination  of  the  boundaries  of  that  province 
and  of  those  of  the  Floridas;  and  (3)  other  matters  arising  out  of 
the  cession.  2  legajos,  1802-1837.  One  of  these  legajos  happens 
to  contain  nothing  but  miscellaneous  statements  of  a  financial  char- 
acter dated  in  1802.  The  other  includes  among  its  papers  some 
correspondence  of  Casa  Calvo,  Yrujo,  and  Wilkinson,  more  or  less 
in  reference  to  Burr  (1805). 

22.  Expediente  relative  to  the  burning  of  the  royal  warehouses  at  Pen- 

sacola,  1  legajo,  1808-1819. 

23.  Id.  concerning  grants  of  land  to  the  Duke  of  Alagon  and  others,  1 

legajo,  1818-1850. 
Secular  Branch,  Finance: 

1.  Royal  orders  for  payment  drawn  upon  the  treasury  of  Florida,  1 

legajo,  1593-1721. 

2.  Measures  (providencias),  reports,  and  other  documents  relative  to 


Archives  of  the  Indies.  65 

seizures  and  attachments  of  property  (comisos),  1  legajo,  1724- 
1816. 

3.  Matters  and  reports  concerning  the  royal  treasury,  1  legajo,  1752- 

1800. 

4.  Expedientes  and  pleas,  9  legajos,  1761-1831. 

5.  Accounts  of  the  royal  treasury  in  Louisiana,  4  legajos,  1769-1792. 

6.  Accounts  and  expedientes  in  reference  to  the  tobacco  industry,  2 

legajos,  1776-1793. 

7.  Duplicates  of  the  correspondence  and  other  papers  of  the  intendants 

of  the  army  and  the  royal  treasury,  19  legajos,  1780-1813. 

8.  Accounts  of  the  royal  treasury  in  Pensacola  and  Mobile,  1  legajo, 

1780-1823. 

9.  Accounts  of  the  royal  treasury  in  the  Floridas  at  large,  2  legajos, 

1784-1819. 

10.  Expedientes  of  the  governor  of  Louisiana  concerning  the  seizure  of 

11  vessels  engaged  in  forbidden  trade  in  the  Mississippi,  1  legajo, 
1788. 

11.  Expedientes  of  the  royal  treasury,  4  legajos,  1788-1808. 

12.  Accounts  of  the  excise  taxes   (alcabalas)   in  Louisiana,  1  legajo, 

1790-1795. 

13.  Correspondence  with  the  intendants  of  the  army  and  the  royal  treas- 

ury, 3  legajos,  1790-1813. 

14.  Certificates  of  service  (hojas  de  servicio)  of  the  officials  of  the  royal 

treasury,  1  legajo,  1793-1804. 
Secidar  Branch,  War  and  Marine: 

1.  Military  warrants  and  commissions,  2  legajos,  1592-1815. 

2.  Royal  decrees  concerning  the  subsidies  for  ramparts,  forts,  etc.,  1 

legajo,  1615-1763. 

3.  Documents  relative  to  fortifications,  munitions  of  war  and  subsidies 

for  the  troops  in  Florida,  3  legajos,  1740-1787. 

4.  Accounts  of  the  commissary  (guardaalmacen)  of  munitions  and  pro- 

visions in  Florida,  1  legajo,  1757-1763. 

5.  Matters  referring  to  war,  and  military  expedient es,  2  legajos,  1767- 

1787. 

6.  Expedient  es  relative  to  freedom  of  commerce  with  Spain,  and  to 

other  maritime  affairs,  5  legajos,  1768-1817. 

7.  Documents  concerning  fortifications,  munitions  of  war,  and  subsidies 

for  the  troops  in  Louisiana,  2  legajos,  1771-1787. 

8.  Accounts  of  the  commissary  of  munitions  and  provisions  at  Pensa- 

cola, 1  legajo,  1781-1783. 

9.  Expediente  relative  to  the  regulation  and  extension  of  the  commerce 

of  Louisiana  and  the  Floridas,  1  legajo,  1788-1808. 
Ecclesiastical  Branch: 

1.  Royal  decrees  concerning  alms,  wine,  candles,  and  oil,  1  legajo,  1598- 

1703. 

2.  Ecclesiastical  matters  and  reports,  1  legajo,  1680-1808. 

3.  Letters  and  expedientes  of  bishops,  chapters,  and  ecclesiastical  per- 

sons, 1  legajo,  1784-1806. 

4.  Ecclesiastical  reports,  and  assignments  of  bishoprics  and  prebends,  1 

legajo,  1790-1807. 


66  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

E.    AUDIENCIA  OF  MEXICO   (INVENTORY  II). 

Secular  Branch,  Administration: 

1.  Statement  in  reference  to  the  missions  and  the  military  post  near  the 

Trinity  River  in  Texas,  1  legajo,  1755-1760. 

2.  Expediente  concerning  invasions  of  the  Apaches,  the  submission  of 

those  Indians,  and  the  establishment  of  missions  and  military  posts 
in  Texas,  1  legajo,  1763. 

3.  Statement  of  Juan  Manuel  Zembrano  concerning  the  failure  of  the 

authorities  in  Texas  to  obey  the  laws,  1  legajo,  1821. 
Secular  Branch,  Finance: 

1.  Accounts  relative  to  the  expedition  against  Pensacola,  1  legajo,  1781- 

1785. 

2.  Expedientes  concerning  the  provisions  supplied  from  Louisiana  and 

other  provinces  for  the  fleet  commanded  by  the  Marquis  of  Socorro, 
1  legajo,  1793-1798. 
Ecclesiastical  Branch: 

1.  Expediente  relative  to  the  missions  in  San  Diego  and  elsewhere,  1 

legajo,  1790-1819. 

2.  Id.  concerning  the  satisfaction  of  accounts  and  the  sale  of  estates  of 

the  pious  fund  of  the  missions  in  California,  1  legajo,  1805. 

F.    AUDIENCIA  OF  GUADALAJARA  (INVENTORY  II). 

Secular  Branch,  Administration: 

1.  Administrative  matters  and  reports,  1  legajo.     1555-1819.     Among 

the  items  contained  in  this  legajo  are  papers  relating  to  the  services 
of  various  officers  in  the  conquest  of  New  Mexico  (1603),  and 
relating  also  to  plans  for  the  colonization  of  Texas  and  Upper  Cali- 
fornia (1817-1818)  ;  and  a  printed  map  of  the  Californias  (1770). 

2.  Correspondence  with  the  governor-intendants  of  Coahuila,  Durango, 

and  Texas,  1  legajo,  1738-1821. 

3.  Expedientes  and  pleas,  21  legajos,  1732-1826.     Among  the  items  in 

one  of  the  legajos  may  be  mentioned  papers  relating  to  a  census  of 
the  Californias  taken  in  1805,  and  to  the  career  of  Baron  de  Bastrop 
in  Louisiana  and  Texas  up  to  1810. 

4.  Correspondence  with  the  commandant-general  of  the  Internal  Prov- 

inces, 6  legajos,  1760-1821. 

4a.  Duplicates  of  the  correspondence  of  the  commandant-general  of  the 
Internal  Provinces,  28  legajos,  1761-1821. 

5.  Documents  relative  to  an  overland  expedition  to  Monterey  in  Upper 

California,  1  legajo,  1768-1772. 

6.  Expediente  concerning  an  Indian  insurrection  in  "Pimeria  Alta" 

(Arizona),  2  legajos,  1775. 

7.  Reports  of  the  commandant-general  in  reference  to  the  conditions 

prevalent  in  the  Internal  Provinces,  2  legajos,  1781-1782. 

8.  Papers  belonging  to  the  section  of  administration  and  industry :  polit- 

ical business,  1  legajo,  1801-1821.  Among  the  items  are  docu- 
ments concerning  a  project  to  stimulate  colonization  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Monterey  (1801-1 807 ),  and  the  arrival  of  Russian 
war-ships  in  the  harbor  of  San  Francisco  (1821). 


Archives  of  the  Indies.  67 

Secular  Branch,  Finance: 

1.  Accounts  of  the  royal  treasury  in  the  Internal  Provinces,  1  legajo, 

1779-1782. 

2.  Duplicates  of  correspondence  of  commandant-general  of  the  Internal 

Provinces  in  regard  to  financial  matters,  4  legajos,  1786-1813. 
Secular  Branch,  War: 

1.  Documents  relative  to  fortifications,  military  stores,  the  maintenance 

of  troops,  and  the  appointment  of  officers  in  the  Internal  Provinces, 
11  legajos,  1760-1832. 

2.  Expediente  concerning  the  establishment,  transference  and  regulation 

of  military  posts  in  the  Internal  Provinces,  1  legajo,  1779-1782. 
Ecclesiastical  Branch: 

1.  Documents  relative  to  the  establishment  and  regulation  of  missions 

in  the  Internal  Provinces,  1  legajo,  1774. 

2.  Expediente  concerning  the  establishment  of  a  bishopric  and  a  con- 

ciliar  seminary  at  Santa  Fe  in  New  Mexico,  1  legajo,  1812-1817. 

II.    "GENERAL  MISCELLANEOUS." 
(Yndifercntc  General.) 

The  documents  of  this  section  are  comprised  in  upwards  of  3,000  lega- 
jos, the  contents  of  which  either  did  not  coincide  readily  with  the  topo- 
graphical arrangement  by  audiencias  at  the  time  when  the  bundles  were 
made  up,  or  came  to  the  Archives  of  the  Indies  after  the  inventories  of 
certain  other  sections  had  been  completed.  Indeed,  the  "General  Miscel- 
laneous" papers  may  be  regarded  as  a  comprehensive  supplement  to  all  the 
sections  of  historical  material  in  that  repository.  They  are  listed  by  lega- 
jos in  a  bound  volume,  entitled  "Indice  del  Yndiferente  General,"  which 
resembles  those  forming  the  inventory  of  the  papers  of  the  "Audiencias." 

In  view  of  the  defective  classification  that  appears  in  the  inventory,  how- 
ever, due,  of  course,  to  the  miscellaneous  character  of  the  subject-matter 
itself,  the  items  in  the  following  description  of  the  materials  relating  to  the 
United  States  are  arranged  merely  in  chronological  order.  Doubtless 
there  are  many  other  references  to  the  United  States  hidden  away  in  the 
thousands  of  legajos  belonging  to  the  division  of  "General  Miscellaneous" ; 
but,  as  is  so  often  the  case  with  the  collections  in  the  archives  of  Spain, 
unless  the  inventories,  indexes,  and  the  like  afford  some  fairly  direct  inti- 
mation of  the  existence  of  such  references,  only  a  scrutiny  of  each  paper 
can  determine  how  far  the  supposition  may  be  true. 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 

1.  "Registers:  General  record  books  (libros  generalisimos)  of  royal 
orders,  appointments,  favors,  etc.,"  15  legajos,  1492-1717.  Three 
of  the  legajos  contain  a  number  of  documents  of  special  interest 
bearing  upon  the  career  of  Juan  Ponce  de  Leon  in  connection  with 
the  discovery  of  Florida,  and  a  few  of  less  interest  relating  to  Lucas 
Vazquez  de  Ayllon  and  Juan  Ortiz  de  Matienzo. 


68  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

The  items  concerning  Ponce  de  Leon  are  the  following: 

A  royal  decree  directed  to  the  general  treasurer  of  the  Indies,  order- 
ing him  to  negotiate  with  Ponce  de  Leon  in  case  the  latter  should 
desire  to  undertake  another  colonizing  enterprise  like  that  in  Porto 
Rico  (July  25,  1511). 

Id.,  directed  to  the  officials  of  Hispaniola,  ordering  them  to  complete 
the  arrangements  with  Ponce  de  Leon  in  reference  to  his  capitula- 
tion, framed  on  the  same  day  as  the  decree,  for  the  colonization  of 
the  "island  of  Bimini"  (February  23,  1512). 

Title  granted  to  Ponce  de  Leon  of  adelantado  of  "the  islands  of  Flor- 
ida and  Bimini  and  of  the  lands  in  those  parts  which  might  be  dis- 
covered" (September  27,  1514). 

"Ordinances  for  the  islands  of  Florida  and  Bimini"  (same  date). 

Royal  decree  directed  to  Diego  Colon  and  the  judges  and  officials  of 
Hispaniola  forbidding  them  to  allow  any  person  other  than  Ponce 
de  Leon  to  conduct  an  expedition  to  "the  islands  of  Bimini  and 
Florida,"  or  to  barter  with  the  natives  in  those  regions  (same  date). 

Id.  directed  to  Diego  Colon,  ordering  him  to  assist  Ponce  de  Leon,  not 
only  in  the  expedition  against  the  Caribs,  but  also  in  any  other 
respects  that  might  be  needful  (same  date). 

Id.  directed  to  Ponce  de  Leon  authorizing  him  to  send  some  of  the 
natives  whom  he  might  capture  in  "the  island  of  Florida"  to  Spain, 
where  they  could  learn  Spanish  and  give  information  about  that 
region  (same  date). 

Id.  in  reference  to  the  complaint  made  by  Ponce  de  Leon  against 
Diego  Velazquez  for  having  brought  300  Indians  from  "the  islands 
of  Bimini  and  Florida"  (July  22,  1517). 

Id.  in  reference  to  the  complaint  made  by  Ponce  de  Leon  against  the 
inhabitants  of  Hispaniola  for  having  taken  Indians  from  "the 
islands  of  Bimini  and  Florida" ;  contrary  to  the  assurances  that  had 
been  given  him  (same  date). 

Id.  directed  to  the  House  of  Trade  ordering  the  officials  to  examine 
the  accounts  of  the  expedition  conducted  by  Ponce  de  Leon  to 
Bimini,  and  if  the  same  were  correct  to  give  him  the  corresponding 
quittance  (same  date). 

Id.  directed  to  the  "authorities  of  the  Indies"  ordering  them  to  do 
justice  in  the  suit  of  the  heirs  of  Ponce  de  Leon  for  the  recovery  of 
two  vessels  "laden  with  many  things  to  secure  the  island  of  Flor- 
ida," a  bar  of  gold,  etc.  (July  4, 1523). 

The  documents  concerning  Lucas  Vazquez  de  Ayllon  and  Juan  Ortiz  de 
Matienzo  consist  of  four  royal  decrees.  The  first,  dated  July  15, 
1525,  forbids  any  extension  of  the  time  allotted  in  the  patent  to 
Vazquez  de  Ayllon  for  the  discovery  and  colonization  of  certain  ter- 
ritories to  the  northward  of  Florida;  the  second  and  third,  dated 
respectively  November  10  and  24,  1525,  provide  for  an  adjustment 
of  the  dispute  between  Vazquez  de  Ayllon  and  Ortiz  de  Matienzo, 
and  the  fourth,  dated  March  16,  1526,  orders  Ayllon  not  to  take  on 
his  expedition  any  person  from  Porto  Rico. 


Archives  of  the  Indies.  69 

2.  "Registers:  general  patents  and  capitulations  for  discovery  and  col- 

onization," 2  legajos,  1508-1605.  One  of  these  legajos  includes  a 
series  of  royal  decrees  and  commissions,  as  well  as  patents  and 
capitulations,  dealing  with  the  discovery,  conquest  and  colonization 
of  New  Mexico.  Of  these  documents  35,  dated  in  1596,  concern  the 
patent  to  Pedro  Ponce  de  Leon,  and  7  refer  to  the  enterprise  as 
undertaken  by  Juan  de  Onate.  The  seven  bear  the  dates  1597, 
1602,  and  1603. 

3.  "Papers  and  documents  relating  to  the  United  States,"  3  legajos,  1778- 

1837.  The  legajos  are  made  up  of  consular  and  diplomatic  mis- 
cellany in  which  the  most  important  item  is  the  correspondence  of 
Miralles  (1778-1780)  and  Rendon  (1780-1785). 

4.  Documents  concerning  the  dispatch  of  special  communications  during 

the  war  with  England,  1  legajo,  1779-1785.  These  are  routine 
papers  of  little  historical  value.  The  "special  communications"  in 
question  must  be  sought  for  elsewhere. 

5.  "Papers  of  the  war  and  peace  with  England  and  the  general  corre- 

spondence of  Bernardo  de  Galvez,  general  in  command  of  the  army 
of  operations,"  8  legajos,  1780-1786.  In  spite  of  the  large  number 
of  documents  in  these  8  legajos  they  possess  but  slight  historical 
interest.  The  matters  treated  relate  almost  entirely  to  the  tech- 
nical details  of  fitting  out  armies  and  fleets.  So  far  as  the  expe- 
ditions of  Galvez  are  concerned  the  materials  found  among  the 
"Cuban  Papers"  (infra,  p.  77),  and  in  other  sections  of  the  archives 
are  far  more  valuable. 

6.  "Correspondence  with  the  charges  d'affaires  in  the  United  States,"  1 

legajo,  1788-1835.  It  consists  of  diplomatic  and  consular  commu- 
nications most  of  which  are  stray  copies  of  the  state  papers  in  the 
National  Historical  Archives  at  Madrid.  Some  of  the  letters  of 
Onis  and  of  certain  French  adventurers  in  1813  and  1814  relative  to 
a  project  for  the  recovery  of  Louisiana  and  West  Florida  from  the 
United  States  are  interesting. 

III.     MINISTRY  OF  THE  COLONIES. 
(Ministcrio  de  Ultramar.) 

The  records  pertaining  to  this  office  of  administration  supplement  and 
continue  the  papers  of  the  "audiencias."  In  the  "Inventario  de  los  papeles 
remitidos  por  el  Ministerio  de  Ultramar  al  Archivo  General  de  Indias"  the 
legajos  are  numbered  consecutively.  Documents  concerning  the  United 
States  might  be  found  among  those  classified  under  the  head  of  "Cuba," 
but  the  only  direct  reference  to  any  part  of  that  country  afforded  by  the 
inventory  is  that  to  8  legajos  labelled  "Louisiana  and  Florida :  dispatch  of 
funds  (caudales)  and  commodities  (efectos),  1717-1822." 


70  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

IV.    STATE  PAPERS. 
(Papeles  de  Estado.) 

The  location  of  the  offices  of  the  Ministry  of  State  and  those  of  the 
Ministry  of  the  Colonies  in  the  same  building  at  Madrid  about  the  middle 
of  the  last  century  produced  a  certain  amount  of  confusion  in  their  respec- 
tive archives;  hence  when  the  records  of  the  latter  ministry  were  sent  to 
Seville  they  were  accompanied  by  some  belonging  to  the  former.  Besides 
diplomatic  and  consular  correspondence  relating  to  America  and  the  Phil- 
ippines, these  "state  papers"  contain  the  correspondence  of  colonial  offi- 
cials and  ecclesiastics  with  the  councils  and  ministries  of  State  and  the 
Indies.  For  the  most  part  the  documents  cover  the  period  from  the  mid- 
dle of  the  eighteenth  century  to  about  1836.  Many  of  them  are  copies  of 
the  papers  preserved  in  the  archives  at  Simancas,  in  the  National  Histor- 
ical Archives  at  Madrid,  and  in  other  sections  of  the  Archives  of  the  Indies. 

Of  the  fourteen  groups  into  which  the  "state  papers"  are  divided,  thir- 
teen are  classified  under  the  names  of  the  various  audiencias,  and  one  is 
designated  by  the  caption  "America  in  general"  (America  en  general). 
The  legajos  are  numbered  consecutively.  Within  each  legajo,  also,  the 
papers  are  arranged  in  a  more  or  less  chronological  order. 

To  ascertain  the  shelf-number  of  the  legajos  an  inventory  entitled 
"Papeles  de  Estado:  Indice  por  numeros  de  los  legajos  que  contiene  esta 
coleccion  y  del  numero  que  corresponde  a  cada  audiencia"  may  be  con- 
sulted. Many  of  their  individual  documents,  and  among  them  such  as 
relate  to  the  United  States,  are  listed  in  a  series  of  papeletas. 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 
A.  AMERICA  IN  GENERAL. 

1.  Correspondence  of  the  Spanish  ambassador  in  Russia  relative  to  Rus- 

sian discoveries  along  the  northwest  coast  of  North  America. 
1773. 

2.  Documents  concerning  the  revolt  of  the  Spanish-American  colonies,  and 

the  recognition  of  their  independence  (1811-1812,  1817-1830). 
They  include  the  correspondence  and  other  communications  of  the 
diplomatic  and  consular  representatives  of  Spain  in  the  United 
States,  in  England,  and  in  various  states  of  continental  Europe, 
reports  and  memorials  addressed  to  the  Councils  of  State  and  the 
Indies,  the  proceedings  of  these  bodies,  and  the  instructions  issued 
to  the  special  commissioners  of  Spain  sent  to  the  colonies  for  the 
purpose  of  effecting  a  reconciliation  with  the  mother  country. 
Among  the  matters  treated  are  the  following : 

The  aid  furnished  to  the  insurgents  by  American  citizens  and  British 
subjects,  with  more  or  less  connivance  on  the  part  of  their  respec- 
tive governments. 


Archives  of  the  Indies.  71 

The  activities  of  Spanish-American  emissaries  in  the  United  States, 
and  their  schemes  to  enlist  the  support  of  the  United  States  in 
fomenting  revolution  in  Cuba  and  Porto  Rico. 

The  proposed  mediation  of  the  European  powers  between  Spain  and 
the  colonies. 

The  recognition  of  the  independence  of  the  Spanish-American  repub- 
lics by  the  United  States  and  England  in  particular. 

The  establishment  of  diplomatic  relations  on  the  part  of  the  United 
States  and  England  with  the  Spanish-American  republics. 

The  Panama  Congress. 

The  efforts  of  Spain  to  persuade  the  European  states  to  take  action 
against  the  United  States  and  to  facilitate  the  restoration  of  Span- 
ish power  in  America. 

The  efforts  of  the  United  States  and  England  to  induce  Spain  to 
acknowledge  the  independence  of  her  former  colonies. 

3.  Correspondence  of  the  Spanish  consulate  at  Boston  on  matters  of  rou- 

tine.    1825. 

4.  Papers  concerning  the  privilege  granted  to  American  warships   of 

depositing  stores  and  provisions  at  Mahon.     1825-1826. 

5.  Correspondence  of  the  Spanish  legation  and  consulates  in  the  United 

States  relative  to  the  designs  of  that  country  on  the  province  of 
Texas.  1829-1831,  1835-1836. 

B.  AUDIENCIA  OF  SANTO  DOMINGO. 

1.  Correspondence  of  the  captain-general  at  Havana  concerning  the  duty 

levied  on  flour  imported  into  Cuba  from  the  United  States.     1785. 

2.  Correspondence  (1791)  of  the  captain-general  at  Havana,  of  the  gov- 

ernor of  Louisiana  and  West  Florida,  of  the  governor  of  East  Flor- 
ida, and  other  officials,  concerning : 

The  establishment  of  a  Spanish  post  at  Walnut  Hills  (Los  Nogales). 

The  schemes  of  O'Fallon  and  the  Yazoo  companies. 

The  observance  of  precautions  in  general  against  the  designs  of  the 
Americans  in  the  western  country  upon  Louisiana. 

The  attraction  of  settlers  to  the  district  of  Natchez. 

3.  Id.  (1792)  concerning: 

The  removal  of  Indian  opposition  to  the  construction  of  the  post  at 

Walnut  Hills. 
An  agreement  between  Spaniards  and  Indians  for  the  surrender  of 

deserters. 
The   agitation   of   William   Augustus   Bowles   among   the   Florida 

Indians. 
The  personal  characteristics  of  Alexander  McGillivray  and  William 

Panton. 

The  possibility  of  war  between  the  Americans  and  the  Indians. 
The  hostile  designs  of  the  Indian  followers  of  Bowles  upon  Florida 

in  view  of  the  capture  of  that  adventurer. 
The  equipment  of  the  regiment  in  Louisiana. 
The  reconstruction  of  old  French  forts  between  West  Florida  and  the 

Tennessee  River. 


J2  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

4.  Correspondence  (1793)  concerning: 

The  efforts  of  the  English  in  the  Bahamas  to  incite  the  Indians 
against  the  Spaniards  in  the  Floridas. 

The  founding  of  a  post  at  Tampa  Bay  to  check  such  efforts. 

Treaties  between  the  Spaniards  and  the  Creeks. 

Hostilities  and  treaties  between  the  Americans  and  the  Indians  in  the 
country  north  of  the  Ohio  River. 

The  necessity  of  sending  troops  and  military  stores  to  Louisiana. 

The  presence  of  French  emissaries  in  New  Orleans. 

The  possibility  of  a  French  and  American  expedition  against  Louisi- 
ana and  the  Bahamas. 

The  designs  of  the  Americans  in  Georgia  upon  East  Florida. 

5.  Id.  (1794)  concerning: 

The  entrance  into  Cuban  ports  of  French  privateers  with  American 

prizes. 

The  admission  of  American  foodstuffs  into  the  port  of  Havana. 
Indian  affairs. 

The  restoration  of  friendly  relations  with  the  English  in  the  Bahamas. 
The  favorable  attitude  of  the  American  people  toward  the  French  in 

the  existing  war. 

6.  Id.  (1795)  concerning: 

The  designs  of  the  Americans  in  the  western  country  on  Louisiana. 

The  negro  outbreak  in  Louisiana. 

The  advisability  of  erecting  Louisiana  and  the  Floridas  into  a  cap- 
taincy-general. 

The  dispatch  of  French  agitators  from  New  Orleans  to  Havana. 

The  application  of  Vicente  Folch  for  military  promotion  in  view  of 
his  services  in  establishing  the  post  at  Tampa  Bay,  etc. 

An  attack  on  East  Florida  by  adventurers  from  Georgia. 

The  conduct  to  be  observed  by  the  Spaniards  toward  the  Indians  at 
war  with  the  United  States. 

7.  Id.  (1796)  concerning: 

The  observance  of  friendly  relations  with  the  military  officers  of  the 

United  States  in  the  western  country,  in  view  of  the  treaty  of  1795. 
The  mission  of  Sebastian  Kindelan  to  the  governor  of  Georgia. 
The  lack  of  any  urgent  need  for  the  dispatch  of  reinforcements  to 

Louisiana,  in  spite  of  the  rumors  of  a  projected  attack  by  the 

Americans. 
The  importation  into  Havana  of  American  food-products  subsequent 

to  the  withdrawal  of  the  special  permission  that  had  been  accorded 

for  this  purpose. 

8.  Id.  (1797)  concerning: 

The  rumors  of  an  English  attack  about  to  be  made  on  upper  Louisiana. 
The  entrance  into  Cuban  ports  of  French  privateers  with  American 

prizes. 

The  admission  of  American  food-products  into  Havana. 
An  exploration  of  the  country  around  St.  Marks  in  East  Florida. 

9.  Id.  (1798)  concerning: 

The  entrance  into  the  port  of  Havana  of  American  warships  as  con- 
voys of  merchantmen. 


Archives  of  the  Indies.  73 

The  privateering  operations  of  French  and  Americans  in  the  vicinity 
of  Havana. 

Efforts  to  prevent  the  French  from  interfering  with  American  vessels 
laden  with  breadstuffs  for  Havana. 

A  report  that  the  Indians  contemplated  attacking  the  Spanish  and 
American  boundary  commissioners. 

The  maintenance  in  East  Florida  of  negro  refugees  from  the  island 
of  Haiti. 

The  admission  of  an  American  vice-consul  into  New  Orleans. 

An  American  attack  on  a  Spanish  vessel  in  the  harbor  of  Savannah. 

The  entrance  of  American  troops  into  possession  of  the  posts  at  Wal- 
nut Hills  and  Natchez. 

A  proposal  to  maintain  direct  relations  between  the  government  of 
Louisiana  and  that  of  Kentucky. 

10.  Correspondence  (1799)  concerning: 

The  appointment  in  New  Orleans  of  a  receiver  for  the  proceeds  from 
the  sale  of  French  prizes  in  that  port. 

The  privateering  operations  of  French  and  Americans  in  the  vicinity 
of  Havana. 

The  disregard  shown  by  an  American  war-ship  of  the  decree  prohibit- 
ing any  vessel  to  leave  the  port  of  Matanzas. 

The  prohibition  of  the  entrance  of  neutrals  into  Cuba. 

The  expulsion  of  foreigners  from  Cuba. 

The  denial  of  exequaturs  to  American  consuls  in  Havana  and  New 
Orleans. 

The  maltreatment  of  Spaniards  by  American  sailors. 

The  conduct  of  the  United  States  in  reference  to  the  attack  made  on  a 
Spanish  vessel  in  the  harbor  of  Savannah. 

11.  Correspondence  of  the  governor  of  Porto  Rico  concerning  the  con- 

duct of  American  war-ships  cruising  along  the  shores  of  that  island. 
1800. 

12.  Correspondence  of  the  captain-general  at  Havana  concerning  the  sus- 

pension of  the  right  of  deposit  granted  to  the  Americans  at  New 
Orleans.     1802. 

13.  Id.  (1803)  concerning: 

The  rumors  of  an  English  invasion  of  the  Floridas. 

The  arrival  at  Havana  of  Ursuline  nuns  from  New  Orleans. 

The  cession  of  Louisiana  to  the  United  States. 

14.  Indexes  of  the  correspondence  of  the  Spanish  commissioner  of  boun- 

daries in  Louisiana.     1805. 

15.  Correspondence  of  the  captain-general  at  Havana  concerning  the  sup- 

posed preparations  of  the  United  States  for  war  with  Spain.     1809. 

16.  Id.  concerning  the  use  of  American  letters  of  marque  by  insurgent 

privateers.     1817. 

C.  AUDIENCIA  OF  MEXICO. 

1.  Report  (memoria)  of  Jose  de  Galvez  as  inspector-general  (visitador    f 
general)  of  the  viceroyalty  of  New  Spain.     In  this  report  some 
attention  is  given  to  conditions  in  the  Internal  Provinces  and  to 
Spanish  exploration  along  the  coast  of  upper  California.     1771. 


74  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

^  2.  Memorial  relative  to  the  measures  taken  by  Jose  de  Galvez  during  the 
course  of  his  inspection  of  the  viceroyalty  of  New  Spain.  It  is  sub- 
stantially a  supplement  to  the  report  of  Galvez  above  mentioned. 
1773. 

I  3.  Correspondence  of  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain  and  also  of  the  Spanish 
ambassador  in  Russia,  royal  orders,  reports  of  officers,  naval  and 
military,  log-books,  descriptions,  maps,  plans,  etc.  (1773-1776, 1779- 
1781,  1788) ,  concerning : 

Russian  explorations  along  the  northwest  coast  of  North  America. 

Spanish  naval  expeditions  to  upper  California  and  beyond  to  ascertain 
the  extent  to  which  such  explorations  had  been  carried. 

The  geographical  aspect,  the  climatic  conditions,  and  the  native  inhab- 
itants of  upper  California,  and  the  region  up  to  70°  north  latitude. 

The  expulsion  of  foreign  settlers  found  on  Spanish  soil. 
>  4.  Letter  of  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain,  inclosing  another  from  the  viceroy 
of  Peru,  relative  to  the  arrival  of  the  American  ship  Columbia  at 
the  island  of  Juan  Fernandez,  on  its  way  to  upper  California  in 
quest  of  information  concerning  any  Russian  settlements  that 
might  have  been  planted  there.  1788. 

5.  Letter  of  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain  concerning  the  postal  system  in  the 

Internal  Provinces.     1789. 

6.  Id.  concerning  a  Spanish  expedition  to  the  Strait  of  Juan  de  Fuca.  1791. 

7.  Correspondence  of  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain  (1791-1793)  concerning: 

The  measures  taken  to  warn  American  vessels  not  to  navigate  the 
Pacific  Ocean  near  the  Spanish  possessions  or  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
south  of  Louisiana. 

The  Spanish  naval  expeditions  to  upper  California  since  1768. 

The  postal  system  in  the  Internal  Provinces. 

The  measures  taken  to  seize  any  American  emissaries  who  might  be 
found  in  Mexico. 

The  necessity  of  providing  adequate  means  of  defense  for  the  prov- 
ince of  Louisiana  and  for  the  Internal  Provinces,  especially  along 
their  frontiers. 

A  proposal  to  establish  freedom  of  trade  between  the  provinces  of 
Louisiana  and  Texas. 

Information  from  Havana  relating  to  a  supposed  expedition  by  the 
French  against  Louisiana  and  the  Floridas. 

8.  Correspondence  (1794-1795)  of  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain  and  of  the 

commandant-general  of  the  Internal  Provinces,  and  other  docu- 
ments concerning: 

The  precautions  taken  in  Mexico  and  the  Internal  Provinces,  espe- 
cially Texas,  against  seditious  persons  and  the  dissemination  of 
ideas  contrary  to  loyalty  and  religion. 

The  erection  of  the  Internal  Provinces  into  a  separate  captaincy- 
general. 

The  condition  of  the  Indians  along  the  frontiers  of  Texas. 

The  arrival  of  English  vessels  at  San  Diego  and  other  ports  in  upper 
California. 

The  surrender  to  Great  Britain  of  certain  lands  seized  by  Spanish 
officials  near  Nootka  Sound. 


Archives  of  the  Indies.  75 

9.  Correspondence  (1796)  concerning  the  measures  to  be  taken: 

For  defending  Louisiana  and  the  Internal  Provinces,  especially  Texas, 

against  the  designs  of  the  English  and  the  Americans. 
For  obviating  the  dangers  to  be  apprehended  from  the  arrival  of  for- 
eign vessels  at  the  ports  of  upper  California. 
For  the  general  exclusion  of  foreigners. 

10.  Id.  (1797)  concerning: 

The   restoration   of   military   control   over  the    Internal   Provinces 

directly  to  the  viceroy. 

The  enlargement  of  the  subsidy  for  Louisiana. 
The  efforts  of  the  Americans  to  wean  the  Choctaws  and  certain 

Indians  in  Texas  from  their  attachment  to  Spain. 
Preparations  to  foil  the  designs  of  the  English  and  the  Americans  on 

Louisiana  and  the  Internal  Provinces. 

11.  Correspondence  (1798)  of  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain  concerning: 

The  necessity  of  adequate  provision  for  the  defense  of  the  Califor- 

nias  and  the  provinces  adjacent. 
The  arrival  at  Monterey  in  upper  California  of  an  American  ship,  and 

the  landing  of  various  members  of  its  crew. 

12.  Correspondence  of  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain,  and  other  documents 

(1799-1807),  concerning: 

The  dispatch  of  funds  and  stores  to  New  Orleans. 
The  sale  of  an  American  vessel  at  Acapulco  and  the  departure  of  its 

crew  for  the  United  States. 
The  rumors  of  an  alliance  of  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States 

against  France. 
The  necessity  for  protecting  the  coasts  of  the  Californias  and  for 

ridding  the  Pacific  of  English  privateers. 
The  arrival  of  an  American  war-ship  at  Vera  Cruz. 
The  imprisonment  of  certain  American  sailors  for  complicity  in  the 

wrecking  of  a  Spanish  vessel  off  the  coast  of  Yucatan. 
The  restoration  of  direct  military  control  over  the  Internal  Prov- 
inces to  the  viceroy. 
The  capture  of  two  American  vessels  by  a  French  privateer  fitted 

out  in  the  Bay  of  Campeche. 

13.  Correspondence  of  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain  concerning  the  exclu- 

sion of  foreign  adventurers  from  the  Internal  Provinces  and  other 
parts  of  the  viceroyalty.     1801. 

14.  Correspondence  (1802)  of  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain  and  of  the  gov- 

ernor of  Yucatan  concerning: 

The  arrival  of  an  American  vessel  at  San  Bias  on  its  way  to  the  set- 
tlements on  the  northwest  coast  of  North  America. 

A  royal  order  providing  for  the  exclusion  of  foreign  vessels  from 
certain  ports  of  the  viceroyalty. 

The  piratical  acts  committed  by  Bowles  and  his  followers  in  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico. 

15.  Letter  of  the  governor  of  the   Internal   Provinces   concerning  the 

admission  into  those  provinces  of  Spanish  subjects  from  Louisiana. 
1803. 


76  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

16.  Letter  of  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain  concerning  the  permission  granted 

to  an  American  pilot  to  return  from  San  Bias  to  the  United  States 
by  way  of  Vera  Cruz.  1804. 

17.  Correspondence  of  the  governor  of  the  Internal  Provinces  concerning 

(1)  the  return  of  fugitive  slaves  to  the  United  States;  and  (2) 
the  settlement  in  Texas  of  several  hundred  families  from  Louisi- 
ana. 1805. 

18.  Letter  to  the  governor  of  the  Internal  Provinces  concerning  the  offi- 

cial personnel  of  the  areas  under  his  control.     1810. 

19.  Letter  of  the  governor  of  Yucatan  concerning  his  compliance  with  a 

royal  order  to  apprehend  all  Americans  travelling  without  a  proper 
passport.  1811. 

20.  Letter  of  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain  concerning  the  dispatch  to  Spain 

of  certain  propositions  from  the  United  States  relative  to  fixing  the 
boundaries  of  Louisiana.  1813. 

21.  Id.  concerning  the  seizure  of  an  American  vessel  near  the  coast  of  the 

Californias.     1814. 

22.  Correspondence  of  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain  and  other  documents 

(1817-1821)  concerning: 

The  invasion  of  West  Florida  by  the  United  States. 
American  designs  on  Texas  and  New  Mexico,  and  the  measures 

taken  to  check  them. 
The  efforts  of  Lallemand  and  other  French  adventurers,  aided  by 

American  partisans  and  making  their  headquarters  in  Texas,  to 

have  Joseph  Bonaparte  crowned  king  of  Mexico. 
Uneasiness  of  the   Indians   in  the   Internal   Provinces   due   to   the 

attempts  of  foreign  agitators  to  divert  them  from  their  attachment 

to  Spain. 

The  general  situation  in  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  upper  California. 
The  condition  of  the  fortifications  at  San  Francisco  and  other  points. 
The  means  taken  to  check  the  depredations  of  insurgent  privateers 

fitted  out  in  New  Orleans,  Baltimore  and  other  ports  of  the  United 

States. 
The   exclusion  of   foreigners   from  Texas,   New   Mexico,   and   the 

Californias. 
A  royal  order  commanding  the  execution  of  any  armed  foreigner 

found  within  the  limits  of  the  viceroyalty. 
The  piracies  of  Lafitte. 
The  arrival  of  American  vessels  at  the  ports  of  upper  California,  and 

the  warning  given  them  to  leave. 
The  favors  shown  to  Russian  vessels  touching  at  the  ports  of  upper 

California. 
The  determination  of  the  boundary  between  the  possessions  of  the 

United  States  and  those  of  Spain  in  North  America. 
The  establishment  of  a  colony  of  Swiss  in  Texas. 

23.  Documents  concerning  the  reply  of  the  United  States  government  to 

a  note  from  the  Spanish  minister  in  that  country,  relative  to  the 
order  of  the  Mexican  government  directing  its  war-ships  to  seize 
any  vessel  whatever  that  had  Spanish  property  on  board.  1829. 


Archives  of  the  Indies.  ff 

V.     CUBAN  PAPERS. 
(Papeles  procedentes  de  la  Isla  de  Cuba.) 

This  collection  of  about  2,500  legajos,  representing  hundreds  of  thou- 
sands of  individual  papers,  was  sent  from  Havana  to  the  Archives  of  the 
Indies  in  1888.  For  lack  of  space  in  the  archives  proper,  and  because  the 
ravages  of  the  paper  moth  (polilla)  made  them  a  menace  to  other  classes 
of  records,  the  legajos  were  thrown  into  a  heap  in  a  room  on  the  ground 
floor  of  the  "Casa  Lonja,"  where  they  are  now  dropping  slowly  to  pieces, 
the  prey  of  moths  and  mildew.  The  collection  is  accessible  only  by  spe- 
cial permission  of  the  director.  This  permission  once  obtained,  the  inves- 
tigator must  possess  the  time  and  patience  requisite  for  an  examination  of 
the  documents  legajo  by  legajo,  if  he  would  achieve  satisfactory  results. 

A  rough  inventory  of  the  legajos  was  prepared  by  the  officials  who 
superintended  their  shipment  from  Havana.  It  bears  the  title  "Inventario 
de  los  documentos  procedentes  del  extinguido  gobierno  de  la  Florida  Occi- 
dental, que  se  hallaban  en  el  Archivo  General  de  la  Isla  de  Cuba,  y  se 
remiten  al  de  Indias,  cumpliendo  lo  dispuesto  en  la  real  orden  de  19  Abril 
del  corriente  ano  [1888]."  In  substance  all  that  can  be  gathered  from 
the  haphazard  entries  in  the  inventory  is,  that  the  legajos  contain  any- 
thing in  the  shape  of  manuscripts  discoverable  in  the  offices  of  the  captain- 
general  at  Havana,  of  the  governors,  intendants,  and  other  officials  in 
Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  Louisiana,  the  Floridas,  and  various  other  provinces 
and  districts  of  the  viceroyalty  of  New  Spain,  and  even  of  the  viceroyalties 
in  South  America,  which  might  conceivably  have  found  their  way  to 
Havana  between  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century  and  the  middle  of 
the  nineteenth.  For  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  any  numerical  order 
among  the  legajos,  or  of  determining  their  contents,  the  inventory  is  alto- 
gether useless,  and  that  for  four  reasons :  first,  because  the  numbers  and 
the  labels  on  the  legajos  do  not  always  correspond  to  the  entries  in  the 
inventory ;  secondly,  because  an  inspection  of  the  individual  documents  in 
the  legajos  shows  that  the  data  and  the  dates  given  in  the  labels  are  often 
incorrect ;  thirdly,  because  the  labels  are  frequently  missing ;  and  fourthly, 
because  in  the  huge  pile  of  legajos  themselves  there  is  no  semblance  what- 
ever of  order. 

This  shapeless  mass  of  papers  happens  to  be  of  great  value.  Its  assort- 
ment of  English  and  French  originals,  of  which  comparatively  few  appear 
elsewhere  in  translation,  and  its  copious  mass  of  documents  in  Spanish  as 
well,  not  only  provide  the  materials  for  a  detailed  study  of  Louisiana  and 
Florida  under  Spanish  rule,  but  they  contribute  also  in  high  degree  to  a 


?8  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

correct  understanding  of  the  relations  between  the  United  States  and  the 
dominions  of  Spain  in  North  America  and  the  West  Indies. 

Among  the  classes  of  papers  and  references  of  historical  interest  belong- 
ing to  the  period  from  1765  to  1822,  which  the  compiler  has  noticed  in  the 
course  of  a  superficial  examination,  may  be  mentioned  the  following : 

1.  Original  letters  and  other  communications  from  Daniel  Clark,  Lord 

Dorchester,  Andrew  Ellicott,  Benjamin  Franklin,  Henry  Hamilton, 
John  Hancock,  Benjamin  Hawkins,  Patrick  Henry,  Samuel  Hunt- 
ington,  Thomas  Hutchins,  Harry  Innes,  Thomas  Jefferson,  Alex- 
ander McGillivray,  George  Morgan,  Alexander  Moultrie,  James 
O'Fallon,  Oliver  Pollock,  James  Robertson,  John  Rutledge,  Ben- 
jamin Sebastian,  John  Sevier,  Thomas  Washington,  James  White, 
and  James  Wilkinson. 

2.  Royal  orders,  warrants,  commissions,  and  instructions. 

3.  Correspondence  of  the  ministry  of  the  Indies. 

4.  Correspondence  of  the  Spanish  ministers,  charges  d'affaires,  commis- 

sioners, and  consuls  in  the  United  States. 

5.  Correspondence  of  the  captain-general  at  Havana. 

6.  Correspondence  of  the  governors  and  intendants  of  Louisiana,  West 

Florida,  and  East  Florida. 

7.  Correspondence  of  the  commandants  at  Natchez,  Baton  Rouge,  San 

Carlos  (Arkansas),  New  Madrid,  St.  Louis,  Mobile,  St.  Marks, 
and  other  posts. 

8.  Correspondence  of  bishops  and  other  ecclesiastics. 

9.  Correspondence  of  commissioners  of  the  United  States  relative  to  the 

determination  of  boundaries,  and  to  the  regulation  of  Indian  affairs. 

10.  Papers  pertaining  to  the  city  councils  in  New  Orleans,  Mobile,  Pen- 

sacola,  St.  Augustine,  etc. 

11.  Papers  relative  to  civil  and  criminal  proceedings  in  the  courts. 

12.  Accounts  and  other  records  of  the  finance  department,  the  royal  store- 

houses (almacenes),  hospitals,  etc. 

13.  Documents  relative  to  the  military  organization. 

14.  Documents  relative  to  maritime  affairs. 

15.  Documents  concerning  public  works,  the  land  system,  and  the  process 

of  colonization. 

16.  Memorials  and  other  papers  relating  to  affairs  of  private  individuals. 

17.  Documents  bearing  upon  the  establishment  of  Spanish  power  in  Louis- 

iana, and  the  restoration  of  Spanish  control  in  the  Floridas. 

18.  Documents  concerning  the  relations  of  the  Spanish  provinces  with 

Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  during  the  American  Revo- 
lution. 

19.  Documents  concerning  the  relations  of  the  Spanish  provinces  with 

the  Indians  and  with  white  and  half-breed  adventurers  among  them. 

20.  Documents  relative  to  the  schemes  of  the  Yazoo  companies  and  other 

classes  of  land  speculators. 

21.  Documents  bearing  upon  the  disputed  navigation  of  the  Mississippi, 

and  upon  the  projects  of  Wilkinson  and  others  to  effect  a  separa- 
tion of  the  western  settlements  from  the  United  States. 


Archives  of  the  Indies.  /p 

22.  Documents  concerning  the  retrocession  of  Louisiana  to  France,  and 

the  further  cession  of  that  province  to  the  United  States. 

23.  Documents  concerning  the  encroachments  of  the  United  States  on  the 

Floridas,  and  concerning  the  final  relinquishment  of  the  provinces 
in  question  to  that  country. 

VI.    "ROYAL  PATRONAGE." 
("Patronato  Real.") 

This  group  of  documents  was  formed  about  1814  out  of  some  of  the 
consignments  from  Simancas.  It  takes  its  name  from  the  fact  that  it  is 
located  in  a  room  formerly  used  by  the  House  of  Trade  for  the  storage 
of  records,  and  for  the  transaction  of  business,  concerning  royal  appoint- 
ments to  the  colonial  service,  but  since  converted  into  a  private  office  for 
the  director  of  the  Archives  of  the  Indies.  The  purpose  of  the  archivist 
who  superintended  the  process  of  selection  seems  to  have  been  that  of  cre- 
ating a  special  collection  of  such  documents  as  he  believed  to  be  of  unu- 
sual importance  for  the  history  of  Spanish  enterprise  in  America  and  the 
Philippines  from  the  latter  part  of  the  fifteenth  century  to  the  beginning 
of  the  eighteenth.  Neither  the  choice  nor  the  arrangement  of  the  papers 
is  altogether  satisfactory,  but  the  value  of  the  collection  as  a  whole  is 
very  great. 

The  contents  of  the  "Patronato,"  as  it  is  commonly  called,  are  classified 
under  the  following  main  heads:  (1)  "Papal  bulls  and  briefs  concern- 
ing the  erection  of  cathedrals  and  churches,  the  appointment  of  archbish- 
ops and  bishops,  and  the  amplification  of  the  privileges  of  discovery  and 
conquest  granted  to  the  Catholic  Kings";  (2)  "Discoveries,  descriptions, 
and  settlements";  (3)  "Relations  of  the  merits  and  services  of  the  early 
discoverers  and  conquerors";  (4)  "Papers  relating  to  the  good  govern- 
ment of  the  Indies";  (5)  "Account  of  the  precious  metals  smelted  and 
apportioned  into  royal  fifths  in  various  mints";  (6)  "Special  matters"; 
and  (7)  "Royal  armada."  Under  each  of  these  captions  in  turn  the 
papers  are  arranged  partly  according  to  names  of  individuals,  institutions, 
and  localities,  partly  according  to  the  subject-matter. 

For  the  consultation  of  the  documents  four  volumes,  entitled  "Inven- 
tario  analitico  de  los  papeles  que  vinieron  del  Archive  de  Simancas  a  este 
general  de  Indias"  may  be  consulted.  Of  these  volumes  two  form  the 
inventory  proper,  and  the  other  two  furnish  alphabetical  indexes  to  it.  In 
the  inventory  some  of  the  documents  are  listed  individually,  and  others 
by  expedientes.  Errors  both  in  statement  and  in  dates  are  frequent. 


8o  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 

A.  "DISCOVERIES,  DESCRIPTIONS,  AND  SETTLEMENTS." 
a.     Florida. 

1.  Appointment  of  a  magistrate  for  the  first  town  to  be  established  by 

Panfilo  de  Narvaez.     1527. 

2.  Id.  for  the  second  town  to  be  established  by  Hernando  de  Soto.    1538. 

3.  Relation  of  Luis  Hernando  de  Biedma  concerning  the  expedition  of 

Hernando  de  Soto.     1539. 

4.  Relation  of  Fr.  Gregorio  de  Beteta  concerning  the  expedition  of  Fr. 

Luis  Cancer.     1549. 

5.  Anonymous  description  of  Florida.    1551. 

6.  Documents  relative  to  the  expeditions  of  Tristan  de  Luna  y  Arellano 

and  Angel  de  Villafane.     1558-1561. 

7.  Description  of  the  coast  of  Florida  by  Jorge  Ceron  and  others.    1562. 

8.  Documents  concerning  the  patent  granted  to  Lucas  Vazquez  de  Ayllon. 

1563. 

9.  Relation  of  Stefano  de  Rojomonte  concerning  the  settlement  of  the 

French  in  Florida.     1564. 

10.  Documents  (1565-1568)  relative  to  the  expedition  of  Pedro  Menen- 

dez  de  Aviles.     They  include : 
Dispatches  concerning  the  departure  of  a  number  of  French  and 

English  vessels  for  Florida  and  the  determination  of  the  king  to 

send  a  counter-expedition  to  that  region. 
Instructions  for  the  levying  of  the  troops  and  the  equipment  of  the 

fleet  destined  for  the  purpose. 

Commissions  to  Sancho  de  Archiniega  and  other  officers. 
Patent  and  capitulation  issued  to  Pedro  Menendez  de  Aviles. 
An   account  of   the   expedition   by   Francisco   Lopez   de    Mendoza 

Grajales. 
Accounts  of  the  special  expeditions  to  various  parts  of  Florida  under 

the  command  of  Juan  Pardo. 
Letters  of  Menendez. 

A  chronological  summary  by  Juan  de  Velasco  of  the  course  of  dis- 
covery, exploration,  and  colonization  in  the  Florida  region  from 

1514  to  1565. 

11.  Royal  decree  and  other  documents  concerning  the  request  of  Pedro 

Menendez  de  Aviles  for  a  patent  authorizing  him  to  undertake  the 
colonization  of  the  country  about  the  River  Panuco.     1569. 

12.  Documents  relative  to  an  uprising  of  the  Indians  in  Florida  which 

resulted  in  the  capture  and  destruction  of  the  fort  at  Santa  Helena. 
1577. 

13.  Map  of  Florida  prepared  by  Alvaro  Megia,  and  various  documents 

relative  to  the  same.     1605. 

14.  Description  of  Florida  by  Juan  Menendez  Marquez.    1606. 

15.  Map  of  Florida  prepared  by  Andres  Gonzalez.    1609. 

16.  Anonymous  and  undated  documents  descriptive  of  the  province  of 

Florida,  its  natives,  its  unfortunate  plight,  etc. 


Archives  of  the  Indies.  81 

b.     New  Spain. 

1.  Royal  decree  concerning  the  expedition  of  Francisco  de  Garay.     1523. 

2.  Relation  of  Alvar  Nunez  Cabeza  de  Vaca  concerning  the  expedition  of 

Panfilo  de  Narvaez.  1527  [sic].  It  is  accompanied  by  an  undated 
commission  to  the  factor  of  the  expedition. 

3.  Two  relations  concerning  the  expedition  of   Francisco  Vazquez   de 

Coronado  to  Cibola  and  Quivira.  One  is  anonymous ;  the  other  is 
by  Juan  de  Jaramillo.  1537  [sic]. 

4.  Two  documents  containing  accounts  of  the  expedition  of  Fr.  Marcos 

de  Niza.     1539. 

5.  Documents  concerning  the  voyage  of  Francisco  de  Ulloa  to  the  region 

of  California.     1539-1540. 

c.     New  Mexico. 

1.  Sworn  statement  by  Francisco  Cano  relative  to  the  discovery  and  tak- 

ing possession  of  the  "lake  of  New  Mexico."     1568. 

2.  Documents  (1582-1584)  concerning: 

The  expeditions  of  Antonio  de  Espejo  and  Fr.  Agustin  Rodriguez. 
The  patent  for  discovery,  conquest,  and  colonization  granted  to  Cris- 

toval  Martin. 
The  offer  of  Francisco  Diaz  de  Vargas  to  continue  the  course  of 

discovery. 

3.  Chronicle  of  discoveries  in  New  Spain  and  New  Mexico  by  Baltasar 

Obregon.  This  is  a  manuscript  volume  bound  in  parchment  and 
containing  37  chapters.  1584. 

4.  Patent  to  Juan  Bautista  de  Lomas  Colmenares  and  other  documents 

concerning  his  proposal  to  discover,  conquer,  and  colonize  New 
Mexico.  1589-1595. 

5.  Relation  of  the  discoveries  made  by  Caspar  Castafio  de  Sosa  in  New 

Mexico.     1590  [sic]. 

6.  Account  of  the  merits  and  services  of  Francisco  Dominguez,  who  had 

prepared  certain  plans  and  descriptions  of  New  Mexico.     1594. 

7.  Documents  relative  to  the  expeditions  of  Juan  de  Onate  and  Vicente 

de  Zaldivar.  Incidentally  they  trace  the  course  of  discovery  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  viceroyalty  of  New  Spain  from  Florida  to 
New  Mexico  since  the  time  of  Juan  Ponce  de  Leon.  1595-1605. 

8.  Proposals    for    the    discovery    of    New    Mexico.      Anonymous    and 

undated. 

B.  "PAPERS  RELATING  TO  THE  GOOD  GOVERNMENT  OF  THE  INDIES" 

(FLORIDA). 

1.  Letter  of  Tristan  de  Luna  y  Arellano  concerning  his  expedition  to  Flor- 

ida.    1559. 

2.  Letter  of  Juan  Rogel  describing  the  unfortunate  condition  of  Florida, 

and  of  Antonio  de  Prado  concerning  the  four  forts  in  that  province. 
1569. 

3.  Documents  concerning  an  investigation  conducted  in  Seville  to  ascer- 

tain the  cause  of  the  return  of  Estevan  de  las  Alas  with  110  sol- 
diers from  Florida,  and  the  conditions  prevalent  in  that  province. 
1570. 


82  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

4.  Report  by  the  licenciado  Gamboa  of  the  Council  of  the  Indies  relating 

to  the  situation  in  Florida.     1573. 

5.  Letter  of  Luis  Mendez  Vitoria  describing  an  Indian  outbreak  in  Flor- 

ida.    1577. 

6.  Relation  of  Pedro  de  Arpide  concerning  the  whale  fisheries  in  the  north 

Atlantic.     1587. 

7.  Memorial  of  Bartolome  de  Arguelles,  controller  of  Florida,  containing 

various  proposals  "for  the  good  administration  and  government  of 
those  parts."  1593. 

8.  'Tapers  relating  to  the  Construction  of  a  Fort  for  the  Defense  of  the 

Garrison  of  St.  Augustine  in  Florida."  These  documents  consist 
of  letters  of  the  governors  of  Florida,  royal  orders  to  the  viceroy 
of  New  Spain,  plans  of  the  fort,  accounts  of  expenses,  descriptions 
of  hostilities  with  the  Indians,  etc. 

C.  "ROYAL  ARMADA." 
a.    "Papers  relating  to  Generals  and  Admirals  of  Armadas." 

The  documents  grouped  under  the  names  of  Pedro  Menendez  de  Aviles, 
Pedro  Menendez  Marques,  Estevan  de  las  Alas  and  Sancho  de  Archiniega 
bear  upon  the  early  history  of  Florida  from  1564  to  1595.  Among  the 
items  of  interest  may  be  mentioned  the  following : 

1.  Memorial  and  letters  of  Menendez  de  Aviles,  referring  to  his  past  ser- 

vices and  asking  for  a  suitable  recognition  of  them.     1564. 

2.  Patent  to  Menendez  de  Aviles  for  the  conquest  and  colonization  of 

Florida.     1565. 

3.  Commission  from  Menendez  de  Aviles  to  Pedro  de  Coronas,  ordering 

him  to  subdue  certain  Indians  in  Florida.  Documents  presented 
by  Menendez  Marques  to  Menendez  de  Aviles,  notifying  him  of  the 
departure  of  a  French  fleet,  bound,  presumably,  for  Florida.  1566. 

4.  Statement  by  Estevan  de  las  Alas  in  reference  to  the  loss  of  Fort  San 

Mateo  in  Florida.     1569. 

5.  Accounts  rendered  by  the  naval  controller  of  Florida  in  reference  to 

the  provisions,  arms,  and  munitions  of  war  consigned  to  that  prov- 
ince in  the  armada  under  command  of  Menendez  de  Aviles.  1570. 

6.  Statement  of  Menendez  de  Aviles  to  the  president  of  the  Council  of  the 

Indies  relative  to  his  departure  for  Havana  and  Florida.     1571. 

7.  Documents  (1573)  relative  to: 

Certain  proposals  of  Menendez  de  Aviles  for  colonization  of  Florida. 

The  convoy  tax  levied  upon  his  expedition  of  1571  to  Florida. 

The  fulfilment  of  the  capitulation  of  1565,  especially  in  regard  to 

his  request  that  no  impediments  be  placed  in  the  way  of  the  speedy 

dispatch  of  vessels  to  that  province. 

8.  Documents  relative  to  the  account  given  by  Menendez  Marques  of  the 

outrages  committed  by  certain  Indians  along  the  coast  of  Florida, 
and  to  his  suggestion  that  they  be  enslaved  as  a  means  of  promot- 
ing the  conquest  and  colonization  of  that  province.  1574. 


Archives  of  the  Indies.  8$ 

9.  Documents  relative  to  an  encounter  off  the  bar  of  San  Mateo,  Florida, 
between  a  French  squadron  and  a  Spanish  squadron  under  the 
command  of  Menendez  Marques.  1580. 

10.  Documents  relative  to  the  petition  of  Menendez  Marques  for  payment 

of  the  arrears  of  his  salary  as  governor  of  Florida.     1592. 

11.  Undated  copy  of  a  relation  by  Gonzalo  de  Penalosa  concerning  his 

voyage  from  Santo  Domingo  to  Florida  in  aid  of  Menendez  de 
Aviles. 

12.  Undated  request  of  Menendez  Marques  for  supplies  and  reinforce- 

ments to  be  sent  to  Florida. 

b.    "Papers  relating  to  the   Good   Government   of  the  Armadas 
and   Fleets  plying  to  and  from  the  Indies  in  general." 

1.  Accounts  of  the  sums  expended  by  the  treasurer,  Fernando  de  Portu- 

gal, for  the  fleets  dispatched  to  Florida.     1558-1569. 

2.  Letter  of  Diego  de  Velasco  and  memorial  of  Pedro  Menendez  Mar- 

ques concerning  the  situation  in  Florida.     1575. 

3.  Request  of  Bartolome  de  Arguelles,  controller  of  Florida,  for  the  dis- 

patch of  a  vessel  laden  with  troops  and  supplies  for  that  province. 
1594. 

c.  "Special  Papers  concerning  the  Royal  Armada,  its  Government, 
and  the  Merits  of  certain  Subjects." 

Instructions  of  Pedro  de  Ybarra,  governor  of  Florida,  to  Francisco  Fer- 
nandez de  Ecija  in  reference  to  an  examination  of  the  ports  and 
other  places  of  entry  along  the  coast  of  that  province  as  far  as 
Cape  San  Roman,  to  determine  their  suitability  for  the  vessels  of 
the  royal  fleets  and  armadas.  1609. 

d.     "Papers  relating  to  the   Invasions  and  Robberies  committed 
by  English  Pirates." 

1.  Report  prepared  in  Cadiz  relative  to  the  manner  in  which  a  vessel 

bound  for  Florida  was  plundered  by  the  English.     1565. 

2.  Report  and  letter  of  Diego  Velasco,  lieutenant-governor  of  Florida, 

concerning  the  arrival  of  two  English  vessels  at  that  province,  and 
the  measures  he  had  taken  accordingly.     1572. 

VII.    JUDICIAL  PAPERS. 
(Papeles  de  Justicia.) 

The  documents  in  this  section  cover  the  period  1515-1600.  They  con- 
cern the  legal  proceedings  (autos)  connected  with  (1)  suits  (pleitos)  car- 
ried on  appeal  to  the  Council  of  the  Indies  from  audiencias  and  other  pro- 
vincial courts,  as  well  as  from  the  audiencia  of  the  "House  of  Trade"; 
and  (2)  with  various  judicial  matters  that  were  determined  by  the  Coun- 
cil of  the  Indies  in  first  instance,  or  that  were  subject  to  the  review  or  final 
decision  of  that  body.  Under  the  names  of  the  several  audiencias  and 
those  of  places  within  the  jurisdictional  area  of  the  same,  and  also  under 


84  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

the  caption  "miscellaneous"  (indiferente)  or  "Council"  (Consejo),  the 
papers  are  classified  technically  by  subjects  thus:  suits  and  other  proceed- 
ings between  private  parties  (pleitos,  autos  entre  paries)  ;  suits  and  other 
proceedings  brought  by  the  public  prosecutor  (fiscal)  against  officials  and 
private  persons  (autos  fiscales) ;  investigations  of  the  conduct  of  officials 
during  their  term  of  office  (visitas)  ;  trials  of  officials  at  the  close  of  their 
term  of  office  (residencies)  ;  special  commissions  (comisiones),  official 
inquiries  (informaciones)t  and  presentations  of  evidence  (probanzas). 
The  term  residencia,  however,  often  includes  visitas,  pleitos  and  other 
judicial  or  legal  acts  that  are  supposed  to  have  some  bearing  upon  the 
official  conduct  of  the  person  tried.  Furthermore,  in  connection  with 
each  of  the  technical  subjects  appear  the  names  of  the  individuals  affected, 
and  the  specific  matters  with  which  they  were  concerned.  These  are 
arranged  in  chronological  order. 

To  facilitate  the  use  of  the  documents,  an  inventory  and  an  index  that 
contains  the  matters  mentioned  in  the  inventory  arranged  in  alphabetical 
order,  are  provided.  The  former  is  entitled  "Inventario  de  los  papeles 
del  Archive  de  Simancas  pertenecientes  a  ramos  de  justicia  de  Indias"; 
the  latter,  "Indice  alfabetico  de  todas  las  personas,  materias,  reynos,  pro- 
vincias  y  pueblos  de  Indias  contenidos  en  el  inventario  de  los  papeles  que 
vinieron  del  Archive  General  del  Reyno  en  Simancas  pertenecientes  a 
ramos  de  justicia  de  Indias." 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 
A.  "AUDIENCIA"  OF  SANTO  DOMINGO. 

"Autos  entre  paries": 

1.  Suit  of  Juan  Ortiz  de  Matienzo  against  Lucas  Vazquez  de  Ayllon,  to 

prevent  the  latter  from  making  use  of  his  patent  to  discover,  con- 
quer, and  colonize  a  region  lying  between  thirty-five  degrees  and 
thirty-seven  degrees  north  latitude,  on  the  ground  that  the  terri- 
tory in  question  belonged  to  the  former  by  right  of  discovery. 
1526. 

2.  Suit  of  Hernan  Cuerbo  de  Quiros  against  Gutierrez  de  Miranda,  in 

regard  to  the  command  of  the  fort  at  St.  Augustine.     1575. 
"Autos  fiscales": 

1.  Suit  of  the  fiscal  against  the  heirs  of  Juan  Ponce  de  Leon,  in  refer- 

ence to  payment  for  the  arms  lost  by  that  officer  during  his  wars 
with  the  Indians.  1527. 

2.  Id.  against  Garcia  Troche,  a  magistrate  of  Porto  Rico,  in  regard  to 

the  appointment  of  Panfilo  de  Narvaez  as  governor  of  Florida. 
1527. 

3.  Proceedings  of  the  fiscal  and  Juan  de  la  Parra,  in  regard  to  the  pay- 

ment of  the  latter's  salary  as  an  officer  in  the  expedition  of  1565  to 
Florida.  1567.  There  are  several  other  legal  actions  of  this  sort 


Archives  of  the  Indies.  85 

brought  in  connection  with  the  arrears  of  salary  and  of  other  pay- 
ments due  to  soldiers  and  civilians  who  served  in  Florida  between 
1567  and  1579. 

4.  Suit  of  the  fiscal  against  Miguel  Henrriquez,  for  having  committed 

various  excesses  while  in  charge  of  the  fort  at  St.  Augustine. 
1567. 

5.  Id.  against  Diego  de  Buitrago,  a  former  sergeant  of  the  troops  in 

Florida,  for  not  having  complied  with  the  sentence  of  the  galleys 
imposed  on  him.  1568. 

6.  Proceedings  of  the  fiscal  and  Juan  Ponce  de  Leon,  a  magistrate  of 

Porto  Rico,  in  connection  with  a  petition  of  the  latter  for  the  title 
of  adelantado  of  Florida.  1568. 

7.  Suit  of  the  fiscal  against  Francisco  Nunez,  Diego  Castellon,  and  Pas- 

cual  Navarro,  for  their  abandonment  of  Fort  San  Mateo  in  Florida, 
despite  the  fact  that  they  had  under  their  orders  a  garrison  of  200 
men.  1569. 

8.  Id.  against  Francisco  de  Eraso,  a  naval  officer,  for  having  brought  an 

Indian  princess  (cazica)  from  Florida  to  Spain.     1578. 
"Residencias": 

1.  Of  Juan  Ortiz  de  Matienzo  and  Lucas  Vazquez  de  Ayllon.     1527. 

2.  Of  Hernando  de  Soto,  former  governor  of  the  island  of  Fernandina 

(Cuba).  '  1544. 

B.  AUDIENCIA  OF  MEXICO. 

"Autos  entre  partes": 

Suit  of  Tristan  de  Luna  y  Arellano  against  Luis  de  Velasco,  viceroy  of 

New  Spain,  for  an  unjust  deprivation  of  command  in  connection 

with  the  expedition  to  Florida.     1561. 
"Autos  fiscales": 

1.  Suit  of  the  fiscal  against  Garcia  Ramirez  de  Cardenas,  on  account 

of  certain  excesses  committed  by  the  latter  while  serving  as  an 
officer  in  the  expedition  to  Cibola.  1551. 

2.  Id.  against  Miguel  de  Orange  and  Juan  Men,  two  Frenchmen  who 

had  gone  to  Florida  without  license.     1569. 

C.  AUDIENCIA  OF  GUADALAJARA. 

"Autos  fiscales": 

Suit  of  the  fiscal  against  Francisco  Vazquez  de  Coronado,  on  account 

of  the  maltreatment  of  natives.     1553. 
"Residencias" ': 

Of  Francisco  Vazquez  de  Coronado,  former  governor  of  the  province 
of  New  Galicia.  1543. 

D.  AUDIENCIA  OF  THE  HOUSE  OF  TRADE. 

"Autos  entre  partes": 

1.  Suit  of  Fernando  Ponce  de  Leon  and  of  the  municipality  (veinte  y 
quatro)  of  Seville  against  Isabel  de  Bobadilla,  wife  of  Hernando 
de  Soto,  in  reference  to  the  partition  of  certain  property  gained  by 
conquest  in  Peru,  Panama,  and  elsewhere.  1545. 


86  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

2.  Suit  of  Juan  de  Texada,  a  member  of  the  audiencia  of  Seville,  against 

the  officials  of  the  House  of  Trade,  in  reference  to  the  charges  pre- 
ferred against  them  for  the  failure  of  the  fleet  under  Pedro  Menen- 
dez  de  Aviles  to  sail  in  August,  1561.  1562. 

3.  Suit  of  Pedro  Menendez  de  Aviles  against  Francisco  de  Aguilar, 

attorney  for  certain  soldiers  in  Florida,  in  reference  to  the  pay- 
ment of  300  ducats.     1576. 
"Autos  fiscales": 

1.  Proceedings  of  the  -fiscal  and  the  heirs  of  Francisco  Mendez,  who 

had  died  in  Florida,  regarding  the  disposal  of  the  property  belong- 
ing to  the  decedent.  1561.  Several  other  cases  of  this  description 
are  given. 

2.  Suits  of  the  fiscal  against  the  officials  of  the  House  of  Trade,  and 

against  certain  shipmasters  and  merchants  of  Seville,  for  the  deten- 
tion of  the  fleet  commanded  by  Pedro  Menendez  de  Aviles.  1562. 

3.  Suits  of  the  fiscal  against  Pedro  Menendez  de  Aviles,  (1)  for  hav- 

ing disregarded  the  sentence  of  imprisonment  imposed  upon  him; 
and  (2)  for  having  laden  his  vessels  in  colonial  ports  with  goods 
to  be  sold  in  Havana.  1564. 

4.  Suit  of  the  fiscal  against  Bartolome  Menendez  de  Aviles,  admiral  of 

the  fleet  under  Pedro  Menendez  de  Aviles,  for  his  failure  to  obey 
certain  royal  orders.  1564. 

5.  Proceedings  of  the  fiscal  and  Diego  de  Lema  in  reference  to  the 

salary  due  to  the  latter  as  an  officer  in  the  conquest  of  Florida. 
1566.  Several  other  suits  for  the  recovery  of  arrears  of  salary  and 
the  like  due  to  soldiers  and  civilians  who  served  in  Florida  between 
1566  and  1578  are  mentioned. 

6.  Suit  of  the  fiscal  against  Tomas  Ingles  and  Tomas  Juan,  two  English 

sailors  held  as  prisoners,  on  account  of  certain  excesses  committed 
in  the  expedition  of  1565  to  Florida.     1568. 
"Informaciones  y  Probanzas" : 

Confession  of  Diego  de  Valle,  notary  of  Florida,  in  reference  to  certain 
notarial  proceedings  in  that  province.     1572. 

E.  "INDIFERENTE." 
"Autos  entre  paries": 

Suit  of  Jacobo  Pierres,  a  Fleming,  against  Pedro  Menendez  de  Aviles 
to  recover  the  arrears  of  salary  due  to  the  former  for  services  in 
Florida  and  elsewhere.     1568. 
"Autos  fiscales": 

Proceedings  of  the  fiscal  and  Estevan  de  las  Alas  in  reference  to  the 
payment  of  the  latter  for  his  naval  services.     1571. 


Archives  of  the  Indies.  87 

VIII.     COURT  RECORDS. 

(Escribania  de  Camara.) 

These  are  judicial  papers  consigned  directly  from  the  offices  of  the 
Council  of  the  Indies.  Substantially  they  constitute  a  supplement  to  the 
documents  described  in  the  previous  section,  and  serve  as  a  continuation 
of  them  up  to  the  second  half  of  the  eighteenth  century.  They  are  listed 
in  7  manuscript  volumes,  entitled  "Inventario  de  autos  de  la  Escribania  de 
Camara  del  Consejo  de  Indias."  A  manuscript  index  (indice)  supplies 
references  to  the  localities  and  technical  matters  cited  in  the  several  vol- 
umes of  the  inventory.  It  furnishes  also  the  inclusive  dates  and  the 
shelf -numbers  of  the  legajos.  In  ascertaining  the  shelf-number  of  any 
legajo,  however,  care  moist  be  taken  to  note  the  one  that  appears  on  the 
right  of  each  page  in  the  index.  The  legajos  themselves  are  numbered 
consecutively,  instead  of  according  to  estante,  cajon,  and  legajo. 

So  far  as  the  manuscript  guides  are  concerned,  the  only  direct  refer- 
ences which  they  contain  to  any  part  of  the  United  States  are  those  deal- 
ing with  Florida.  In  the  case  of  the  residencias  of  the  governors  men- 
tioned below,  the  papers  relative  to  the  judicial  proceedings  connected 
with  the  trial  in  the  province  itself  are  listed  by  legajos  in  the  fourth  vol- 
ume of  the  inventory  under  the  caption  "Residencias  de  la  gobernacion  de 
la  Florida,"  while  those  relative  to  the  judicial  proceedings  in  the  Council 
of  the  Indies  and  to  the  decision  rendered  by  that  body  are  listed  similarly 
in  the  seventh  volume  of  the  inventory  under  the  heading  "Sentencias 
y  autos  pronunciados  en  el  Consejo  en  vista  de  los  de  las  residencias  toma- 
das  a  los  sugetos  que  devieron  darlas."  To  avoid  repetition,  the  two  sets 
of  documents  are  grouped  together  in  the  chronological  sequence  of  resi- 
dencias as  they  appear  below. 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS:  FLORIDA. 
A.  "PLEITOS." 

1.  Suit  of  the  fiscal  against  Diego  de  Velasco,  lieutenant-governor  for  the 

adelantado  of  Florida,  Hernando  de  Miranda,  and  Catalina  Menen- 
dez,  concerning  recovery  of  certain  sums  of  money.  1577-1591. 

2.  Id.  against  Alonzo  Diaz  de  Badajoz  and  other  sureties  for  Caspar  Her- 

nandez Perete,  commissary  (tenedor)  of  provisions  and  munitions 
in  Florida,  in  reference  to  payment  of  balance  of  latter's  accounts. 
1604-1609.  Other  suits  dealing  with  financial  and  commercial  mat- 
ters are  to  be  found  under  the  names  of  the  individuals  concerned. 

3.  Id.  against  Eugenio  de  Espinosa,  sergeant-major  of  the  garrison  at  St. 

Augustine,  for  insubordinate  conduct.     1644-1652. 

4.  Id.  against  Francisco  de  Lara,  captain  of  infantry  in  the  garrison  at 

St.  Augustine,  for  misconduct  in  office.     1667-1668. 

5.  Id.  against  Ignacio  Rodriguez  Roxo  and  Bernardo  Nietto  de  Carvajal, 

officers  of  the  garrison  at  St.  Augustine,  for  their  failure  to  repel 
the  attack  of  certain  hostile  Indians,  aided  by  English  adventurers 
from  the  Bahamas,  upon  a  place  called  Ayachin.  1723-1724. 


88  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

B.  "RESIDENCIAS." 

Official  trials  of  this  sort  appear  to  have  been  conducted  in  the  cases  of 
the  following  governors,  and  during  the  years  indicated,  viz. : 

Pedro  Menendez  Marques  (1577). 

Gutierre  de  Miranda  and  Domingo  Martinez  de  Abendano  (1597- 
1607). 

Pedro  de  Ybarra  (1610-1617). 

Juan  de  Olivera  and  Juan  Trevifio  (1619). 

Juan  de  Salinas  (1626). 

Luis  de  Roxas  (1630-1633). 

Andres  Rodriguez  de  Villegas  (1633-1635). 

Eugenio  de  Espinosa  and  Antonio  Ortiz  (1638). 

Damian  de  la  Vega  Castro  (1643-1648). 

Benito  Ruiz  de  Salazar  Ballecilla  and  Pedro  Orruytiner  (1656-1660). 

Alonso  de  Aranguiz  y  Cortes  (1668). 

Francisco  de  la  Guerra  y  de  la  Vega  (1670-1673). 

Manuel  de  Zendoya  (1675-1682). 

Pablo  de  Hita  Salazar  (1680-1686). 

Juan  Marquez  de  Cabrera  and  Pedro  de  Aranda  y  Avellaneda  (1687- 
1691). 

Diego  de  Quiroga  y  Losada  (1694-1697). 

Laureano  de  Torres  y  Ayala  (1699-1703). 

Francisco  Sanchez  del  Moral  (1737-1748). 

C.  "COMISIONES." 

Commission  to  Benito  Ruiz  de  Salazar  Ballecilla,  governor  of  Florida,  to 
take  action  by  means  of  a  residencia  against  Nicolas  Ponce  de 
Leon,  controller  (contador)  of  that  province,  and  to  ascertain  what 
Pedro  de  Santa  Cruz  and  Pedro  Orruytiner  had  written  to  the 
king.  1652-1660. 

IX.     OFFICE  OF  THE  CONTROLLER. 

(La  Contaduria.) 

These  documents  pertaining  to  the  financial  administration  of  the  Coun- 
cil of  the  Indies  extend  over  the  period  from  the  beginning  of  the  six- 
teenth century  to  the  last  quarter  of  the  eighteenth.  They  are  classified 
chiefly  by  officers  and  by  localities.  In  the  first  group  are  found  the 
papers  emanating  from  the  Council  proper  and  its  various  departments, 
from  the  House  of  Trade  and  from  the  tribunals  of  commerce  (consula- 
dos)  at  Seville  and  Cadiz.  The  second  group  is  made  up  of  records  con- 
cerning the  several  viceroyalties  and  their  provincial  divisions,  which  are 
arranged  usually  by  financial  sections  (cajas).  Under  these  general  head- 
ings come  the  technical  matters,  the  documents  relating  to  which  are 
placed  in  a  more  or  less  chronological  order. 

The  collection  is  listed  in  the  "Inventario  de  los  papeles  de  la  Contaduria 
general  del  Consejo  de  Indias,"  and  in  the  index  to  it  entitled  "Indices 


Archives  of  the  Indies.  8p 

alfabeticos  de  todas  las  personas,  materias  y  reynos,  provincias,  y  pue- 
blos de  Indias,  contenidos  en  el  inventario  de  los  papeles  que  vinieron  de 
la  Contaduria  general  del  Consejo  de  Indias." 

PRINCIPAL   ITEMS. 
A.  THE  COUNCIL  OF  THE  INDIES  AND  ITS  DEPARTMENTS. 

1.  Orders  sent  to  the  House  of  Trade  in  reference  to  the  altar  adorn- 

ments, vestments,  and  other  necessary  articles  to  be  provided  for 
the  churches  and  missions  in  New  Spain,  Florida,  etc.  1581-1760. 

2.  Royal  decrees  (cedulas)  directed  to  the  House  of  Trade,  commanding 

the  payment  of  the  expenses  connected  with  the  passage  of  mis- 
sionaries to  Florida.  1584-1669. 

3.  Special  permits  (licencias)  to  go  to  Florida.     1585-1592. 

4.  Letters  from  the  Secretariat  of  New  Spain  to  the  controller's  office, 

in  reference  to  the  issue  of  certificates  of  solvency  of  persons 
provided  with  benefices  in  New  Spain,  Florida,  etc.  1718-1760. 

B.  THE  HOUSE  OF  TRADE. 

1.  Documents  relative  to  financial  matters  connected  with  the  naval  and 

military  services  of  Pedro  Menendez  de  Aviles,  Sancho  de  Arch- 
iniega,  Estevan  de  las  Alas,  Pedro  Menendez  Marques,  and  others 
concerned  in  the  early  expeditions  to  Florida.  1562-1581.  These 
must  be  sought  for  in  some  15  legajos,  the  contents  of  which  deal 
with  the  organization  and  equipment  of  fleets;  the  appointment  of 
officers  and  the  sureties  given  by  them;  regulations  and  instruc- 
tions for  officers,  sailors,  and  soldiers ;  registries  of  tonnage ;  tran- 
sit taxes;  accounts  of  receipts  and  expenditures,  etc.  The  inven- 
tory furnishes  the  following  specific  allusions  to  Florida: 

"Accounts  rendered  by  ...  Pedro  Menendez  de  Aviles  ...  as  gen- 
eral of  the  fleet  and  as  governor  of  Florida."  (1562-1574.) 

"Accounts  rendered  by  ...  Francisco  Duarte,  in  regard  to  the 
equipment  and  dispatch  of  ...  the  fleet  sent  to  Florida  in  charge 
of  ...  Sancho  de  Archiniega."  (1565-1576.) 

"Accounts  rendered  by  ...  Pedro  Menendez  de  Aviles  and  his  heirs, 
concerning  the  equipment  of  the  fleet,  and  the  maintenance  of  the 
soldiery  in  Florida  and  Havana."  (1567-1576.) 

"Recognizance  of  Pedro  de  Haro,  in  reference  to  the  commodities 
that  he  received  for  the  voyage  to  Florida  in  a  galleon  of  the  fleet 
under  the  command  of  .  .  .  Pedro  Menendez  de  Aviles."  (1571.) 

"Account  rendered  by  ...  Rodrigo  Junco  concerning  the  provi- 
sions that  he  had  received  for  transportation  to  Florida."  (1578.) 

2.  Credit  and  debit  (cargo  y  data)   for  the  purchase  of  chalices,  altar 

adornments,  and  vestments  for  the  churches  in  Florida,  and  else- 
where. 1584. 

3.  Registries  of  fleets  and  galleons,  and  records  of  the  departments  of 

supplies,  inspection,  and  expenditure  connected  with  the  transpor- 
tation of  soldiers,  arms,  and  provisions  to  Florida,  and  to  other 
provinces.  1675-1686. 


po  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

C.  "CAJA"  OF  MEXICO. 

1.  "Relacion  de  los  sueldos  de  todos  los  empleados  en  Indias."     [1571.] 

This  is  an  undated  document  contained  in  a  legajo  bearing  the  label 
"Relaciones  y  noticias  de  los  valores  de  la  Real  Hacienda,  de  lo 
que  se  le  debia  por  tributes  y  sus  cargas,  asi  en  las  cajas  de  este 
Reyno  [t.  e.,  Nueva  Espana],  a  que  son  relativas,  como  en  las  de 
Santo  Domingo,  Puerto  Rico,  y  Cuba."  1539-1571.  From  inter- 
nal evidence  its  date  seems  to  be  1571.  Among  other  details  it 
gives  some  interesting  information  about  the  payment  of  officers 
and  soldiers  in  Florida,  and  of  the  officers  and  crews  of  the  ships 
engaged  in  the  early  expeditions  to  that  province. 

2.  Sworn  statement  (relation  jurado)  of  the  account  rendered  by  Diego 

de  Vargas  Zapata  y  Lujan,  Marquis  of  La  Nava  de  Bracinas,  for- 
mer governor  of  New  Mexico,  concerning  the  sums  spent  during 
his  administration  of  that  province.  1691-1697. 

3.  Schedule  of  annual  allowances  for  the  garrisons  in  the  interior  of 

New  Spain,  New  Galicia  and  New  Mexico.     1697. 

4.  Letters  of  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain  concerning  (1)  the  money  left  in 

the  treasury  of  Florida  by  Diego  de  Quiroga,  the  former  governor 
of  that  province,  to  meet  the  expenses  of  his  residencia,  but  which 
was  used  to  pay  the  soldiers  (1697)  ;  and  (2)  the  reinforcement  of 
Florida  at  the  time  of  the  recent  attack  made  upon  it  by  the  Eng- 
lish (1703). 

5.  Letters,  reports,  and  testimonials  in  regard  to  the  arms  and  munitions 

of  war  in  St.  Augustine,  Florida,  the  payment  of  the  garrison,  and 
of  the  subsidy  (situado)  given  to  that  province.  1713-1718. 

6.  Statement  of  the  expenditure  caused  by  the  expedition  under  the  com- 

mand of  the  Marquis  of  San  Miguel  de  Aguayo  y  Santa  Olaya  "in 
the  province  of  Texas  in  the  New  Philippines."  1719-1722. 

D.  "CAJA"  OF  ST.  AUGUSTINE  IN  FLORIDA. 

This  section  contains  twenty-five  legajos  covering  the  period  1565-1757. 
The  documents  consist  of  letters,  representations  (representaciones),  ac- 
counts (cuentas),  settlements  of  accounts  (fenecimientos),  attestations 
(comprobaciones),  sworn  statements  (relacioncs  juradas),  testimony  of 
witnesses  (testimonies),  memorials  (memoriales) ,  receipts  (recetas,  cartas 
de  pago),  commissions  (comisiones),  charges  of  irregularities  (cargos), 
writs  (ejecutorias),  legal  proceedings  (autos),  etc.  They  emanate  from 
local  officials  and  boards  of  magistrates  in  Florida,  Havana,  and  Mexico, 
and  from  the  financial  department  of  the  Council  of  the  Indies. 
Among  the  matters  treated  are: 

Food  supplies  and  military  stores  (provision  de  boca  y  guerra,  basti- 

mentos,  pertrechos,  ntunicioncs). 
Subsidies  (situados,  situaciones). 
The  looting  of  the  treasury  at  St.  Augustine  and  the  burning  of  its 

papers  by  the  English  in  1586. 

Bookkeeping  and  the  management  of  the  treasury  (teneduria  y  teso- 
reria). 


Archives  of  the  Indies.  pi 

Gifts  to  the  natives  (  gratifications  de  Indios). 

Residencia  of  Diego  de  Rebolledo,  a  governor  (1660). 

The  wretched  condition  of  the  province  in  1660  on  account  of  its 

neglect  by  the  viceroy  of  New  Spain. 
The  expense  connected  with  the  bringing  of  blacksmiths,  locksmiths, 

and  ship  carpenters  to  Florida  (1677),  and  with  the  reconstruction 

of  the  fort  at  St.  Augustine  (1684). 
The  mismanagement  of  the  treasury  (1688). 
The  revenue  from  the  half  annate  (media  annata). 
Property  seized  in  reprisals  on  the  English  colonists  (1728). 

X.    THE  HOUSE  OF  TRADE. 
(La  Casa  de  Contratacion.) 

So  multifarious  were  the  activities  of  this  great  centre  of  commercial 
administration  that  a  brief  description  of  its  huge  assortment  of  records 
dating  from  1503  to  1779  must  be  confined  to  a  selection  of  such  of  the 
classes  of  documents  mentioned  in  the  manuscript  inventory  and  indexes 
that  list  them  as  yield  some  direct  reference  to  the  United  States.  The 
classes  of  documents  mentioned  in  the  manuscript  inventory  and  indexes 
especially  of  criminals  (autos  de  oficios)  ;  registers  of  the  departure  and 
arrival  of  vessels  (registros  de  ida  y  venida  de  naos)  sailing  independently 
(sueltas)  or  in  company  with  the  armadas  ( las  que  fueron  con  generates)  ; 
registry  sheets  and  rules  (pliegos  y  reglamentos  de  registros);  papers 
relating  to  the  armadas  (papeles  de  armadas) ;  bound  volumes  of  papers 
relating  to  the  armadas  (libros  de  armadas) ;  patents  connected  with  the 
dispatch  of  armadas  (asientos  de  armadas);  accounts  rendered  by  ship- 
masters (cuentas  de  maestres),  factors  (fact ores)  and  receivers  of  the 
transit-tax  (receptores  de  averias) ;  letters  of  generals  of  armadas  to  the 
king  and  to  the  tribunal  of  the  House  of  Trade  (cartas  de  generates  de 
armadas  escritas  a  S.  M.  y  al  tribunal  de  la  Casa  de  Contratac i6n) ;  and 
papers  concerning  missions  (misiones).  In  passing  it  might  be  observed 
that  the  word  armada  refers  not  only  to  the  armed  squadron  proper,  but 
also  to  the  fleet  of  merchantmen  (flota)  which  it  convoyed. 

Of  the  nine  large  manuscript  volumes  that  serve  as  a  general  guide  to 
the  documents  of  the  House  of  Trade,  four  are  given  over  to  an  inventory 
("Inventario  de  los  papeles  de  la  Contratacion  de  Sevilla").  To  each  of 
these  volumes  there  is  an  index  of  names  of  persons,  listed  in  a  separate 
volume  ("Indice  alfabetico  de  todas  las  personas  contenidas  en  el  primer 
tomo,  el  segundo  tomo,"  etc.).  Another  single  volume  contains  topical 
and  geographical  indexes  to  the  inventory  as  a  whole  ("Indices  alfabeticos 
de  las  materias  y  pueblos  de  Indias  contenidos  en  los  cuatro  tomos  de  los 
inventarios  de  la  Contratacion  de  Sevilla"). 


p*  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

PRINCIPAL  ITEMS. 
A.   "AUTOS  DE  OFICIO." 

A  series  of  criminal  trials  conducted  before  Pedro  Menendez  de  Aviles  in 
St.  Augustine,  Florida.  1566. 

B.  "REGISTROS  DE  IDA  DE  LAS  [NAOS]  QUE  FUERON  SUELTAS 
A  LA  FLORIDA." 

Thirteen  items  arranged  according  to  the  names  of  shipmasters  and  their 
vessels.  1586-1731. 

C.  "REGISTROS  DE  VENIDA  DE  LAS  [NAOS]  QUE  VINIERON 

SUELTAS  DE  LA  FLORIDA." 

Six  items  arranged  as  before.    1598-1730. 

D.  "REGISTROS  DE  VENIDA  DE  LAS  [NAOS]  QUE  VENIERON 

SUELTAS  DE  LA  NUEVA  ORLEANS." 

One  item.    1779. 

E.  "REGISTRO  DE  LAS  NAOS  DE  VENIDA  QUE  VOLVIERON  DE 
AMERICA  A  CANARIAS." 

One  item  concerning  a  ship  from  Florida.    1683. 

F.  "PLIEGOS  v  REGLAMENTOS  DE  REGISTROS  IDA  A  LA  LUISIANA." 
One  item.    1778. 

G.  "PAPELES  DE  ARMADA/' 

1.  Group  of  documents  entitled  "Pedro  Menendez  de  Aviles,  adelantado  of 

Florida,  went  as  general  of  the  fleet  of  New  Spain  in  1560  and 
returned  in  1563.  Went  to  colonize  Florida  in  1565  and  in  1568 
became  general  of  the  coast-guard  galleons  (galeones  guarda  cos- 
tas).  Died  in  1574." 

2.  Id.  entitled  "Sancho  de  Archiniega,  general  of  an  armada  that  sailed  to 

Florida  in  1566."    The  documents  cover  the  period  1566-1582. 

3.  Id.  entitled  "Estevan  de  las  Alas,  governor  of  Florida,  came  from  that 

province  with  six  galleons  in  1571  and  made  preparations  to  return 
thither  in  October  of  the  same  year,  but  failed  to  do  so."  The  doc- 
uments are  dated  1583. 

4.  Id.  entitled  "Pedro  Menendez  Marques,  nephew  of  the  adelantado,  was 

appointed  governor  of  Florida  in  1577  with  the  same  powers  as 
those  held  by  his  uncle,  but  the  appointment  did  not  take  effect.  He 
went  to  Tierra  Firme,  etc."  The  documents  cover  the  period 
1591-1597. 

H.  "LIBROS  DE  ARMADAS." 

Group  of  documents  entitled  "Account  of  the  provisions  and  munitions 
supplied  for  the  armada  to  be  sent  to  Florida  under  Sancho  de 
Archiniego  as  general."  1566-1567. 


Archives  of  the  Indies.  pj 

I.  "ASIENTOS  DE  ARMADA/' 

A  bound  volume  entitled  "Book  of  Florida,  of  capitulations  and  patents 
(capitulaciones  y  asientos)  of  governors  and  generals,  of  the  ade- 
lantado  Pedro  Menendez  de  Aviles,  and  of  the  controller,  Lazaro 
Sanchez  de  Mercado,  and  decrees  relating  to  salaries  and  instruc- 
tions from  the  year  1517  to  the  year  1578."  Except  for  a  few  loose 
papers  which  have  been  slipped  in  between  the  leaves,  the  volume 
is  made  up  of  copies  of  patents,  capitulations,  commissions,  decrees, 
and  instructions  relating  to  the  expeditions  to  Florida  of  Panfilo  de 
Narvaez  (1526-1527),  Hernando  de  Soto  (1537-1539),  Lucas 
Vazquez  de  Ayllon  (1562-1563),  and  Pedro  Menendez  de  Aviles 
(1565-1577).  The  commissions,  decrees,  and  instructions  were 
intended  to  amplify,  explain,  and  enforce  the  provisions  of  the 
patents  granted  to  those  persons,  and  the  terms  of  the  capitulations 
concluded  with  them.  The  handwriting  of  the  copies  indicates 
that  they  were  prepared  about  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century. 
Among  the  loose  documents  are  letters  from  the  governor  of 
Florida,  a  report  of  the  military  committee  (junta  de  guerra)  of 
the  Council  of  the  Indies,  a  royal  decree,  and  various  instructions 
and  ordinances,  dated  in  1675  and  1676.  The  matters  treated 
include  missions,  letters  of  marque,  fortifications,  troops,  judicial 
proceedings,  Indian  disturbances,  and  financial  affairs. 

J.    "CUENTAS  DE  MAESTRES/' 

These  relate  to  the  armada  dispatched  to  Florida  under  the  command  of 
Sancho  de  Archiniega  (1566),  and  to  the  vessels  sent  to  that  pro- 
vince under  the  command  of  Rodrigo  de  Junco  (1578). 

K.    "CUENTAS  DEL  FACTOR/' 

These  relate  to  the  equipment  of  the  armada  dispatched  to  Florida  in 
charge  of  Sancho  de  Archiniega.  1565-1568. 

L.  "CUENTAS  DE  RECEPTORES  DE  AVERIAS/' 

These  relate  to  the  armadas  sent  to  Florida  under  the  command  of  Pedro 
Menedez  de  Aviles,  Bartolome  Menendez  de  Aviles,  and  Christobal 
de  Eraso.  1656-1566. 

M.  "CARTES  DE  GENERALES  DE  ARMADAS/' 

Among  the  letters  are  nine  from  Pedro  Menendez  de  Aviles  bearing  on 
the  situation  in  Florida.  They  are  dated  August  28  and  September 

20,  1566 ;  February  12,  17  and  "end  of  February,"  July  30,  Sep- 
tember 21,  October  2,  1567,  and  July  22,  1571.    Two  others  from 
Pedro  Menendez  Marques,  dated  December  16,  1570,  and  October 

21,  1577,  deal  with  the  same  theme. 

N.    "MlSIONES." 

Group  of  documents  relating  to  the  Franciscan  missions  in  Florida.  1610- 
1770. 


94  United  States  History  in  Spanish  Archives. 

XI.  THE  HOUSE  OF  TRADE  AND  THE  TRIBUNAL  OF  COMMERCE 

AT  CADIZ. 

(La  Contrataci6n  y  el  Consulado  dc  Cadiz.) 

This  collection  of  about  2,000  legajos,  covering  the  period  from  the 
beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century  to  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth,  came 
from  the  provincial  library  at  Cadiz  to  the  Archives  of  the  Indies  in  1903. 
It  is  roughly  classified  in  an  inventory  ("Libro  de  actas")  which  affords  no 
reference  whatever  to  any  part  of  the  United  States.  To  ascertain 
whether  there  are  any  documents  bearing  on  this  theme,  the  legajos  would 
have  to  be  examined  individually.  Their  present  condition  of  neglect, 
however,  suggests  that  such  an  examination  would  be  difficult  of  accom- 
plishment and  fruitless  in  result. 

XII.  TRIBUNAL  OF  PORT  ARRIVALS,  AND  OF  THE  SUPERVISORY 
COMMISSION   OF  THE  PUBLIC  TREASURY,  AT  CADIZ. 

Juzgado  de  Arribadas  y  Comisaria  Interventora  de  Hacienda  Publica  en  Cadiz.) 

The  maritime  and  financial  documents  classified  under  this  head  relate 
to  practically  the  same  matters  as  those  dealt  with  in  the  papers  of  the 
House  of  Trade  and  of  the  office  of  the  Controller.  They  are  listed  by 
estantes  and  legajos  in  two  separate  inventories  composed  of  sheets  loosely 
sewn  together.  The  first  inventory  bears  the  title  "Inventario  general  de 
los  papeles  de  la  Secretaria  del  Juzgado  de  Arribadas,"  and  the  second 
the  title  "Inventario  general  de  los  papeles  de  la  Comisaria  Interventora 
de  Hacienda  Publica  en  Cadiz."  Most  of  the  documents  belong  to  the 
eighteenth  century,  but  there  are  some  of  the  late  seventeenth  and  early 
nineteenth  century  as  well.  The  only  direct  allusions  to  any  part  of  the 
United  States  found  among  the  general  entries  in  the  inventories  are  the 
following : 

1.  Papers  relative  to  the  missions  in  Florida  and  other  parts  of  New 

Spain.     1717-1793. 

2.  Letters  from  Florida,  Louisiana,  and  the  \Vest  Indies.    1717-1822. 

3.  Accounts  of  expenses  connected  with  recruiting  and  equipping  the  regi- 

ment of  infantry  in  Louisiana.     1793-1802. 

XIII.    POSTAL  PAPERS. 
(Papeles  de  Correos.) 

The  documents  relative  to  the  colonial  postal  and  packet  service  are 
comprised  in  some  484  legajos  which  are  numbered  consecutively.  They 
are  arranged  in  part  topographically,  according  to  audiencias,  or  accord- 
ing to  the  names  of  certain  ports  of  dispatch  in  Spain  and  the  colonies,  and 
in  part  under  the  designation  "General."  In  date  they  range  chiefly  from 


Archives  of  the  Indies.  P5 

the  last  half  of  the  eighteenth  century  to  the  first  half  of  the  nineteenth. 
The  general  contents  of  the  legajos  are  described  in  the  "Indice  e  inventa- 
rios  de  los  papeles  de  correos." 

References  to  the  postal  system  in  Louisiana,  the  Floridas,  and  the 
Internal  Provinces,  and  to  shipments  of  goods  consigned  to  or  from  these 
areas,  may  be  found  in  the  44  legajos  listed  under  "Mexico,"  in  the  13 
listed  under  "Vera  Cruz,"  and  in  the  76  listed  under  "Havana."  The 
Havana  papers,  for  example,  allude  to  various  accounts  accompanied  by 
vouchers  (cuentas  documentadas)  which  the  director  (administrador)  of 
the  postal  and  packet  service  at  New  Orleans  sent  to  his  superior  at 
Havana  between  1766  and  1768. 

XIV.    MAPS. 

According  to  certain  correspondence  preserved  in  the  office  of  the  secre- 
tary of  the  Archives  of  the  Indies,  a  considerable  number  of  maps  and 
plans  were  sent  from  this  repository,  early  in  the  nineteenth  century,  to 
the  Hydrographic  Depository  (Deposito  Hidrografico)  and  the  Ministry 
of  War  at  Madrid.  Of  these  maps  and  plans  89  concerned  Louisiana  and 
the  Floridas,  and  152  New  Spain  and  its  Internal  Provinces.  A  list  of  the 
maps,  charts,  etc.,  belonging  to  the  Ministry  of  War  has  been  published  by 
that  office  under  the  title  Catdlogo  General  del  Archive  de  Mapas,  Pianos, 
y  Memorias  del  Deposito  de  la  Guerra,  two  volumes  (Madrid,  1900). 
Since  the  consignment  to  the  repositories  mentioned,  a  number  of  other 
maps  and  plans  dealing  with  some  portion  of  the  United  States  have  been 
discovered  in  the  Archives  of  the  Indies.  They  are  listed  in  Torres  Lan- 
zas, Relacion  Descriptiva  de  los  Mapas,  Pianos.  etc..de  Mexico  y  Floridas 
existentes  en  el  Archive  General  de  Indias,  two  volumes  (Seville,  1900). 


GENERAL  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

The  titles  of  books,  pamphlets,  articles,  reports,  and  the  like,  together 
with  the  names  of  the  inventories,  indexes,  and  other  manuscript  sources 
of  information,  concerning  the  General  Archives  at  Simancas,  the 
National  Historical  Archives  at  Madrid,  and  the  General  Archives  of  the 
Indies  at  Seville,  will  be  found  in  the  historical  and  descriptive  paragraphs 
that  introduce  the  account  of  each  repository  and  of  its  various  sections. 
In  the  following  list  only  the  books  and  articles  that  deal  with  the  Spanish 
Archives  as  a  whole  will  be  mentioned.  None  of  the  treatises  gives  any- 
thing like  a  complete  description. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

De  Historia  y  Arte.    By  Rafael  Altamira  y  Crevea.  (Madrid,  1898.)  Pp.  57-106. 

The  best  brief  account. 

The  Spanish  Archives,  and  their  Importance  for  the  History  of  the  United  States. 
By  William  R.  Shepherd.    In  the  Annual  Report  of  the  American  Histori- 
cal Association  for  the  year  1903,  I.  145-183. 
Furnishes  merely  a  general  introduction  to  the  subject 
Archives  des  Missions  Scientifiques  et  Litttraires,  second  series,  II.  367 ;  third  series, 

II.  497;  V.  Ill;  VI.  71,  269;  XV.  1. 
Nouvelles  Archives  des  Missions  Scientifiques  et  Litteraires,  I.  216;  II.  1;  IV.  1; 

VI.    377,    597;    VIII.    453. 

A  long  series  of  reports  made  by  French  scholars  to  the  Ministry  of  Public 
Instruction  and  Fine  Arts,  and  published  periodically  since  1850.  For  the 
sake  of  completeness  of  citation,  the  special  references  to  the  repositories  at 
Simancas,  Madrid,  and  Seville,  mentioned  above  in  their  proper  connec- 
tion, have  been  repeated  here. 
Diccionario  de  la  Administracion  Espanola.  By  Marcelo  Martinez  Alcubilla.  Fifth 

edition.     (Madrid,  1892-1894.) 
Under  the  word  "Archives"  will  be  found  an  account  of  the  organization  and 

management  of  the  Spanish  archives. 
Revista  de  Archives,  Bibliotecas  y  Museos. 

The  official  organ  of  the  professional  body  of  archivists,  librarians,  and  cura- 
tors.    It  is  issued  monthly  at  Madrid. 
Anuario  del  Cuerpo  Facultative  de  Archiveros,  Bibliotecarios  y  Anticuarios,  I.,  II. 

(Madrid,  1882-1883.) 

An  official  publication  of  which  only  these  two  volumes  appeared.    The  informa- 
tion they  give  is  somewhat  antiquated. 


General  Bibliography.  p? 

Archives  Espanoles:  su  Origen  y  su  Historia.    By  Francisco  Martin  Arrabel.  (Ma- 
drid, 1892.) 
Hastily  compiled  and  often  erroneous  in  statement. 

Handschriftenschdtze  Spaniens.    By  Rudolf  Beer.     (Vienna,  1894.) 

A  reprint  in  book  form  of  the  author's  papers  in  the  Sitzungsberichte  der  k.  k. 
osterreichischen  Akademie  der  Wissenschaften,  hist.-phil.  Kl.,  vols.  124-126, 
128,  129,  131.  It  describes  the  documentation  in  the  Spanish  archives  and 
libraries  concerning  mediaeval  and  early  modern  history  and  literature, 
with  special  reference  to  Austria. 

Gli  Archivi  e  le  Biblioteche  di  Spagna  in  rapporto  alia  Storia  d'  Italia.    By  Isidore 

Carini.     (Palermo,  1884.) 
The  title  of  the  work  shows  its  chief  interest. 

Calendar  of  Letters,  Dispatches,  and  State  Papers  relating  to  the  Negotiations 
between  England  and  Spain,  preserved  at  Simancas  and  elsewhere.  I.  1485- 
1509.  Edited  by  Gustav  Adolph  Bergenroth.  (London,  1862.)  Pp.  ii-xvi. 

Les  Archives  de  I'Histoire  de  France.  By  Charles  Victor  Langlois  and  Henri  Stein. 
(Paris,  1891.)  Pp.  695-706. 

Manuel  de  Bibliographie  Historique.    By  Charles  Victor  Langlois.     (Paris,  1904.) 

Pp.  473-475. 

The  accounts  in  these  works  are  too  brief  and  sketchy  to  afford  much  infor- 
mation. 

[Simancas.  By  M.  Constant.  An  account  of  the  history  of  the  archives  and  of  the 
use  made  of  them  by  historians ;  in  press,  to  appear  in  the  Revue  Historique, 
vol.  XCVL] 


INDEX. 


Abbadie,  Eugene  d',  34 

Acadians,  in  Louisiana,  34,  37 

Adams,  John,  22 

Administration,  Spanish  colonial,  10-12 

Agnayo  y  Santa  Olaya,  San  Miguel  de, 
90 

Aguilar,   Francisco  de,   86 

Alagon,  Duke  of,  64 

Alas,  Estevan  de  las,  return  of,  to  Spain, 
81;  documents  concerning,  82;  pay- 
ment of,  for  naval  service,  86;  expedi- 
tion, 89,  92 

Alcudia,   Duke  of,  see  Godoy 

Algiers,  American  captives  in,  41 

Almanack  de  Gotha,  30 
/xAlmodovar,  Duke  of,  correspondence,  21, 
35 

Alquier,  C.  J.  M.,  correspondence,  43 

Altamira  y  Crevea,  Rafael,  De  Historia 
y  Arie,  96 

Ambassadors,  British,  correspondence, 
48;  Spanish,  correspondence  of,  20-24, 
44,  48,  49,  50,  74,  78 

Anduaga,  Jose  de,  23 

Anuario  del  Cuerpo  Facultative  de  Arch- 
iveros,  Bibliotecarios  y  Anticuarios,  96 

Apache  Indians,  66 

Aragon,  Inquisition  of,  28 

Aranda  y  Avellaneda,  Count  Pedro  de, 
correspondence  of,  24,  35,  36,  37,  39; 
disagreement  of,  with  Floridablanca, 
36 ;  views  of,  as  to  the  effect  of  Amer- 
ican independence,  36;  trial,  88 

Aranguiz  y  Cortes,  Alonso  de,  88 

Archiniega,  Sancho  de,  80;  documents 
concerning,  82;  expedition,  89,  92,  93 

Archives  des  Missions  Scientifiques  et 
Litteraires,  59,  96 

Archives,  National  Historical,  Madrid, 
1,  12;  described,  29;  classification  of 
the  papers  in,  30;  regulations  govern- 
ing, 30;  books  describing,  30;  papers 
relating  to  the  United  States  in,  31-53 

Archives  of  the  Indies,  Seville,  1,  12; 
history  of,  55-57;  arrangement  of  the 
documents  in,  57-60;  regulations  as  to 
the  examination  of,  59;  books  relating 
to,  59;  documents  in,  60-95 

Archives  of  Simancas,  1,  12;  history  of, 
15-16;  classification  and  arrangement 
of  the  documents  in,  17-18;  books  de- 
scribing, 18;  papers  relating  to  the 
United  States  in,  19-28 

Archives,  Spanish,  classification,  5-6;  in- 
spection of,  7-9 

Archive  General  Central,  29 


Archivo  Historico-Nacional,  see  Ar- 
chives, National  Historical 

Arguelles,  Bartolome  de,  82;  request  of, 
for  troops,  83 

Armada,  royal,  papers  of,  82;  documents 
concerning,  92 

Arpide,  Pedro  de,  relation  of,  82 

Arrabel,  Francisco  Martin,  Archives  Es- 
panoles:  su  Origen  y  su  Historia,  95 

Arriaga,  Julian  de,  33,  35 

Asereto,  Domingo,  charges  against,  35 

Aubry,  Captain  d',  conduct  of,  35 

Audiencia,  10-11,  et  passim 

Audiencia  of  Guadalajara,  12;  papers 
of,  62,  66-67,  85 

Audiencia  of  the  House  of  Trade,  pa- 
pers of,  85-86 

Audiencia  of  Mexico,  papers  of,  61-62, 
66,  73-76,  85 

Audiencia  of  Santo  Domingo,  11;  papers 
of,  60-61,  62-65,  71-73,  84-85 

Audiencias,  in  the  Archives  of  the  In- 
dies, 59-67,  71-76,  84-86 

Ayachin,  attack  upon,  87 

Ayllon,  Lucas  Vasquez  de,  papers  relat- 
ing to,  67,  68;  patent  of,  80;  suit 
against,  84;  public  account  of,  85;  ex- 
pedition, 93 

Ayola,  Juan  de,  61 

Badajoz,  Alonzo  Diaz  de,  87 

Bahamas,  expedition  against,  72 

Bank  of  North  America,  39 

Barcia,  Ensayo  Cronologico  para  la  His- 
toria General  de  la  Florida,  63 

Barrancas  de  Margot,  41 

Barzon,  Andres,  61 

Bastrop,  Baron  de,  38,  66 

Baton  Rouge,  insurrection  at,  47;  an- 
nexation of,  to  Louisiana,  47 

Beer,  Rudolf,  Handschriftenschaice 
Spaniens,  96 

Bergenroth,  G.  A.,  (ed.),  Calendar  of 
Letters,  Dispatches,  and  State  Papers 
relating  to  the  Negotiations  between 
England  and  Spain,  97 

Bermudas,  letters  relating  to,  20 

Berthier,   Marshal  Alexandre,  corre- 
spondence, 43 

Beteta,  Fr.  Gregorio  de,  relation  of,  80 

Biedma,  Luis  Hernando,  relation  of,  80 

Blount,  William,  scheme  of,  23 

Bobadilla,  Isabel  de,  85 

Bonaparte,  Joseph,  government  of,  46; 
efforts  in  behalf  of,  76 

Bonaparte,  Napoleon,  see  Napoleon 


100 


Index. 


Bowles,  W.  A.,  capture,  22 ;  arrival  of,  in 
London,  22 ;  activities  of,  22,  25,  26,  38, 
39,  71,  75;  imprisonment,  40 

Brown,  Alexander,  The  Genesis  of  the 
United  States,  20 

Brown,  John,  38 

Bruneau,  Jacques,  letter  of,  21 

Buitrago,  Diego  de,  85 

Bull  of  the  Crusade,  controller  of,  28 

Burr,  Aaron,  expedition  of,  44,  45;  cor- 
respondence concerning,  64 

Cabarrus,  Francois,  correspondence,  43 
Cabeza  de  Vaca,  Alvar  Nunez,  relation 

of,  81 

Californias,  12;  census,  66;  correspond- 
ence of  the  governors  of,  26;  defence 
of,  75 ;  maps,  53,  66 ;  Martinez's  voyage 
to,  40;  settlements  north  of,  38;  Ul- 
loa's  voyage  to,  81 

California,  Upper,  colonization,  66;  con- 
ditions in,  76 ;  description,  74 ;  explora- 
tions, 73 ;  exclusion  of  foreigners  from, 
76 

Callava,  Jose,  Jackson's  relations  with, 
49 

Calvo,  Marquis  de  Casa,  correspondence, 
44,  45,  64 

Campo,  Sr.  del,  correspondence  of,  35,  43 

Canada,  French  plea  for  the  recovery  of, 
36 

Cancer,  Fr.  Luis,  expedition,  80 

Cano,  Francisco,  81 

Captaincies-general,   10-11 

Capuchins,  33,  63 

Carambat,  French  engineer,  49 

Cardenas,  Alonso  de,  letter  of,  21 

Carini,  Isidoro,  Gli  Archivi  e  le  Biblio- 
teche  di  Spagna  in  rapporto  alia  Storia 
d'  Italia,  97 

Carmichael,  William,  correspondence  of, 
37,  39,  41 

Carondelet,  Baron  de,  35;  correspond- 
ence, 38,  39,  41,  42 

Carretero,  Don  Francisco,  2 

Carvajal,  Bernardo  Nietto  de,  87 

Cassagne,  Huguet,  Raymond  and  Co.,  44 

Castano  de  Sosa,  Caspar,  relation  of,  81 

Castejon,  correspondence  of,  35 

Castellon,  Diego,  85 

Castile,  council  of,  19 

Castile,   Inquisition  of,  28 

Catdlogo  General  del  Archive  de  Mapas, 
Pianos,  y  Metnorias  del  Depdsito  de 
la  Guerra,  95 

Cayo  Indians,  conversion,  61 

Ceron,  Jorge,  Florida  described  by,  80 

Certificates  of  Service,  27 

Cevallos,  Pedro  de,  correspondence,  44 

Charles  III.,  56;  letter  of,  24 

Charles  IV.,  correspondence  of,  43 


Charles    V.,    of    Spain,    establishes    the 

archives  at  Simancas,  15 
Chester,  Peter,  25 
Chickasaw  Indians,  22 
Choctaw  Indians,  treaty  between  Spain 

and,  35;  Spanish  agent  for,  40 
Choiseul,  Due  de,  correspondence  of,  34 
Cibola,  Coronado's  expedition  to,  81 
Clark,  Daniel,  letters  of,  78 
Clark,  George  Rogers,  38;  proposed  at- 
tack of,  upon  Natchez,  34;  expedition 
of,  64 
Clouet,  Louis,  plans  of,  for  the  recovery 

of  Louisiana,  47 

Coahuila,  66;  complaints  of  the  govern- 
or of,  26;  correspondence  of  the  gov- 
ernors of,  26 
Colon,  Diego,  68 
Colonies,    American,     Spanish    supplies 

for,  36 

Colonies,  English,  revolt  of,  21 
Colonies,  ministry  of,  see  ministry  of  the 

colonies 

Colonies,  Spanish,  English  designs  upon, 
21 ;  trade  of,  with  the  United  States,  36 
Columbia,  vessel,  74 
Columbus,    Christopher,   papers    relating 

to,  1 

Commerce,  Tribunal  of,  94 
Consulates,    American,    in    Spain,    cor- 
respondence of,  32 

Consulates,   Spanish,   routine  papers  of, 

19 ;  correspondence  of,  32,  44,  45,  46,  71 

Contratacion,    Casa    de,    see    House    of 

Trade 
Controller  of  the  Bull  of  the  Crusade, 

papers  of,  28 
Controller,   office   of,   see   office   of   the 

controller 

Corcoles  y  Martinez,  Francisco,  61 
Coronado,  Francisco  Vazquez  de,  85 ;  ex- 
pedition of,  81 
Coronas,  Pedro  de,  82 
Council  of  Castile,  correspondence  of,  19 
Council  of  Finance,  10;  correspondence 

of,  32 

Council  of  Government,  papers  of,  52 
Council  of  the  Indies,  10,  29,   59,  89 ;  cor- 
respondence of,  32 ;  reports  of,  63 ;  pa- 
pers of,  89 
Council  of  Marine,   10;   correspondence 

of,  32;  proceedings,  48 
Council  of  State,  10;  reports  of,  19,  20, 
21,  33,  41,  45,  47,  48,  50;  correspond- 
ence of,  32,  38,  43;  proceedings  of,  40, 
48 
Council  of  War,  10;  correspondence  of, 

32;  proceedings,  48 
Council,  Old,  papers  of,  27 
Court  Records,  87-88 
Creek  Indians,  22,  34,  35 ;  Spanish  treaty 
with,  37,  72 


Index. 


101 


Cresuelo,  Father,  20 

Crusade,  Bull  of,  28 

Cuba,  12,  52;  American  designs  against, 
53;  expulsion  of  foreigners  from,  73; 
papers  relating  to,  30,  62-63,  77-79; 
proposed  acquisition  of,  by  the  U.  S., 
52;  status  of  immigrants  to,  45;  sup- 
posed sale  of,  53 

Cuban  papers,  in  the  Archives  of  the  In- 
dies, 77-79 

Cumberland,  35 ;  mission  of,  36 

Cumberland  county,  39,  41;  map,  53 

Customs,  46,  71 

D'Estaing,  expedition  of,  to  America,  27 
Discoveries,  papers  relating  to,  80 
Dominguez,  Francisco,  81 
Dominicans,  quarrels  among,  36 
Dorchester,  Lord,  letters  of,  78 
Drake,  Francis,  voyages,  20 
Duarte,  Francisco,  89 
Durango,  66 

Ecclesiastical  papers,  61,  62-63,  65,  66,  67, 

78,  89 

Echezuria,  Simon  de,  44 
Ecija,  Francisco  Fernandez,  83 
Eduardo,  mission  of,  62 
Ellicott,  Andrew,  letters  of,  78 
Embargo  regulations,  Spanish  complaints 

against,  47 
Embassies,   Spanish,   routine   papers   of, 

19;  correspondence  of,  20-23,  24 
England,  colonies  of,  21;  commerce,  22, 
37 ;  correspondence  of  the  Spanish  em- 
bassy in,  20-23;  denial  of,  concerning 
Bowles,  22;  designs  of,  upon  Spanish 
colonies,  21,  42,  43;  designs  of,  in  the 
Indies    and    Virginia,    21;    effect    of 
Spanish-American  treaty  upon,  23;  ef- 
forts of,  to  incite  Indians  against  the 
Spaniards,  72;  impressment  of  Amer- 
ican  sailors  by,   35;    injuries   inflicted 
by,  to  Spanish  trade,  43 ;  measures  of, 
to  protect  her  American  interests,  21 ; 
mediations   between   France   and,   36; 
possible  action  of,  against  the  United 
States,  23;  possible  aid  of,  to  Spain, 
48;  power  of,  in  Florida,  21;  proposed 
alliance  against,  24;  relations  of,  with 
Spain,    64,    78;    rumored    alliance    of, 
against  France,  75 ;  share  of,  in  the  re- 
volt   of    the    Spanish-American    colo- 
nies, 70 ;  trade  of,  with  Indians,  22,  23 ; 
treaty   of,   with   France,   21;   war  be- 
tween the  U.  S.  and,  47,  69 
Eraso,  Christpbal  de,  expedition,  93 
Eraso,  Francisco  de,  85 
Escarano,  correspondence,  21,  35 
Espejo,  Antonio  de,  expedition,  81 
Espinosa,  Eugenio  de,  87,  88 
Espiritu  Santo,  Bay  of,  21,  61 


Est antes,  6,  et  passim 
Estrada,  Jose,  44 
Expedientes,  6,  et  passim 
Ezpeleta,  correspondence  of,  38 

Finance,  Council  of,  see  Council  of  Fi- 
nance 

Finance,  Secretariat  of,  see  Secretariat  of 
Finance 

Financial  papers,  27,  28,  88-91,  94 

Finiels,  Nicholas,  mission  of,  43 

Fishing,  illicit,  41 

Flammermont,  Nouvelles  Archives  des 
Missions  Scientifiques  et  Litteraires, 
24 

Flores,  Marquis  of,  see  Zuniga 

Florida,  bishopric  in,  63 ;  boundaries,  34, 
37,  40,  49,  50,  63,  64 ;  cession  of,  23,  40, 
50 ;  colonization  of,  19,  62,  80,  82 ;  com- 
merce, 22,  37,  43,  65;  conditions  in,  34, 
47,  63,  81,  82,  83,  93 ;  conduct  of  Amer- 
icans in,  46;  conquest  of,  27;  cor- 
respondence of  the  governor  of,  78; 
defense  of,  26,  38,  65,  93;  development 
of,  35;  description  of,  80;  discovery, 
67;  emigration  to,  38,  39;  English 
attack  upon,  90;  English  in,  21,  62;  ex- 
pedition against,  74;  expeditions  to, 

80,  81,   92,   93;    expulsion   of   Spanish 
officials    from,    50;    foreign    projects 
against,  20;  French  in,  22,  80;  Gardo- 
qui's  account  of,  22 ;  government,  11, 
25,  40;  Indian  trade  in,  34,  39;  Indian 
uprising  in,  80,  82 ;  insurrection  in,  40 ; 
land  grants  in,  49,  50,  51,  52;   letters 
from,  94;  maps  of,  21,  80,  95;  migra- 
tion of  Loyalists  to,  22;  military  stores 
in,  50 ;  missions  in,  89,  93,  94 ;  papers 
relating  to,  12,  25-26,  60-61,  63-65,  80, 

81,  87-88;   postal   system,   95;   priests 
sent  to,  38;  proposed  invasion  of,  27; 
propositions  concerning,  26;  purchase 
of,  46;  restorations  of  documents  be- 
longing to,  49,  50,   52;   restoration  of 
Spanish  control  in,  78;  sale  of  land  in, 
45;  U.  S.  designs  upon,  22,  45,  46;  U. 
S.  encroachment  on,  79 

Florida,  East,  attack  of  Georgia  upon, 
72 ;  correspondence  of  the  governor  of, 
71;  government,  11;  hostile  relations 
of,  with  Georgia,  47;  project  to  ex- 
change, for  Gibraltar,  22;  proposed 
cession  of,  39;  Spanish  control  in,  22 

Florida,  West,  American  occupation  of, 
45;  attempts  of  Irish  Catholics  to  set- 
tle, 22 ;  claims  of  the  U.  S.  to,  44 ;  con- 
duct of  Americans  in,  48;  conduct  of 
the  U.  S.  in  regard  to,  40;  conditions 
in,  42 ;  correspondence  of  the  governor 
of,  35,  41 ;  crown  lands  in,  42 ;  immi- 
gration to,  39,  40;  Indian  trade  in,  37; 
invasion  of,  23,  48,  49,  76;  relations  of, 


102 


Index. 


with  the  Indians,  36;  schemes  for  the 
British  conquest  of,  23;  seizure  of,  by 
the  U.  S.,  47;  union  with  Louisiana, 
11;  uprising  in,  44 

Floridablanca,  Count  of,  correspondence 
of,  24,  35,  36,  37,  38,  39;  disagreement 
of,  with  Aranda,  36 

Folch,  Vicente,  72 ;  conduct  of,  43 

Foronda,  44 

France,  alliance  of,  with  Spain,  36 ;  emis- 
saries of,  in  the  U.  S.,  47;  encroach- 
ments of,  on  Spanish  territory,  33;  ex- 
pedition of,  42;  mediation  between 
England  and,  36;  projects  of,  in  Amer- 
ica, 21,  49;  proposed  alliance  against 
England,  24 ;  retrocession  of  Louisiana 
to,  43,  79;  rumored  alliance  against, 
75;  settlements  of,  in  America,  22,  33; 
treaty  of,  with  England,  21 

Franciscans,  quarrels  among,  36;  dis- 
turbances caused  by,  61;  requests  of, 
62;  missions,  93 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  35;  letters  of,  78 

Franklin  county,  39,  40;  map,  53 

Frias,  Duke  of,  23 

Fuentes,  Bartolome  de,  correspondence 
of,  34 

Galvez,  Don  Bernardo  de,  disagreement 
between  Spanish  officials  and,  25;  in- 
quiry of,  34;  expedition  of,  27,  36; 
correspondence  of,  35,  37,  69 ;  aid  given 
by,  to  Americans  at  New  Orleans,  36 

Galvez,  Jose  de,  56;  correspondence  of, 
35;  report  of,  73,  74 

Gamboa,  report  of,  82 

Garay,   Francisco  de,   expedition,  81 

Gardoqui,  Diego  de,  appointment,  22; 
account  of  Florida  by,  22 ;  instructions 
to,  37;  public  career  of,  37;  opinion 
of,  concerning  commerce  in  Louisiana, 
41 ;  plans  of,  concerning  emigration 
to  Louisiana,  34;  correspondence  of, 
35,  39,  41,  42 

Gayoso  de  Lemos,  Manuel,  petition  of, 
34;  journey  of,  to  Franklin  county, 
40 ;  correspondence  of,  35,  38,  39,  41,  "42 

General  Miscellaneous,  in  the  archives 
of  the  Indies,  67-69 

Georgia,  Indians  of,  22;  county  to  be 
established  by,  37 ;  boundaries,  63 ;  de* 
signs  of,  upon  East  Florida,  47,  72 

Gibbs,  Charles,  52 

Gibraltar,  project  to  exchange,  for  a 
colony  in  America,  22 

Gillon,  Alexander,  62 

Godoy,  Don  Manuel  de,  correspondence 
of,  39,  41,  42,  43 

Gonzalez,  Andres,  map  by,  80 

Gough,  Thomas,  arrest,  46 

Grantham,  Lord,  35 


Grimaldi,  Marquis  of,  21;  correspond- 
ence of,  24,  33,  34,  35 

Guadalajara,  audiencia  of,  see  audiencia 
of  Guadalajara 

Guerra  y  de  la  Vega,  Francisco  de,  88 

Halifax,  Marquis  of,  21 

Hamilton,  Henry,  letters  of,  78 

Hancock,  John,  letters  of,  78 

Haro,  Pedro  de,  89 

Havana,  American  importations  into,  72, 
73;  American  vessels  in,  38;  corre- 
spondence of  the  captain-general  at, 
41,  42,  45,  62,  64,  71,  73,  78;  troops 
in,  62 

Hawkins,  Benjamin,  letters  of,  78 

Hawkins,  John,  voyage  of,  20 

Henrriquez,  Miguel,  85 

Henry,  Patrick,  letters  of,  64,  78 

Heredia,  Narcisco  de,  49;  correspond- 
ence, 37 

Hernandez  Perete,  Caspar,  87 

Hita  Salazar,  Pablo  de,  88 

House  of  Trade,  10,  59;  audiencia  of, 
85-86;  orders  to,  89;  papers  of,  91-94 

Huntington,  Samuel,  letters  of,  78 

Hussey,  Thomas,  35;  movements  of,  36 

Hutchins,  Thomas,  letters  of,  38,  78 

Illinois  country,  settlement  of,  37;  fur- 
trade  in,  41;  Clark's  expedition  to,  64 

Impressment,  of  American  sailors,  cor- 
respondence concerning,  35 

Indians,  American  schemes  concerning, 
41;  as  barriers  against  foreign  aggres- 
sion, 41;  Bowles's  agitation  among, 
40;  condition  among,  74,  76;  efforts 
to  incite,  against  the  Spaniards,  42, 
75;  English  trade  with,  22,  23;  hostil- 
ity of,  22,  71;  of  Louisiana,  33;  regu- 
lations concerning,  78;  relations  of  the 
U.  S.  with,  39,  40;  Spanish  relations 
with,  36,  39,  40,  78;  supplies  for,  22, 
33,  34;  trade  of,  34,  37,  39,  41;  treaties 
of,  41,  72;  uprising,  80,  82,  93 

Indies,  designs  of  the  English  in,  21; 
papers  relating  to,  27;  administration 
of,  30;  archives  of,  see  archives  of  the 
Indies;  council  of,  see  council  of  the 
Indies 

Ingles,  Tomas,  86 

Innes,  Harry,  letters  of,  39,  78 

Inquisition  of  Aragon  and  Castile,  pa- 
pers relating  to,  28 

Inquisition  of  Toledo,  29 

Inquisition  of  Valencia,  29 

Internal  provinces,  boundaries,  45;  com- 
plaints of  the  commandant-general  of, 
26;  conditions  in,  47,  66,  73;  corre- 
spondence concerning,  66,  67;  corre- 
spondence of  the  governors  of,  26,  36, 


Index. 


JO? 


45-46,  76 ;  erection  of,  into  a  captaincy- 
general,  74;  defense  of,  42,  67,  74,  75; 
described,  12;  division  of,  26;  efforts 
to  foil  designs  upon,  75 ;  maps,  95 ; 
military  affairs  in,  26;  military  control 
of,  75;  missions,  67;  postal  system, 
74,  95;  settlements  in,  46;  U.  S.  de- 
signs upon,  45,  49 

Irish  Catholics,  attempts  of,  to  settle 
Louisiana,  22 

Irving,  Washington,  researches  of,  49 

Jackson,  Andrew,  invasion  of  West  Flor- 
ida, 48,  49;  Callava's  relations  with,  49 

Jaramillo,  Juan  de,  relation  of,  81 

Jaudenes,  correspondence  of,  40,  41 

Jay,  John,  35;  negotiations  of,  36;  mis- 
sion of,  to  Spain,  37,  40 

Jefferson,  Thomas,  letters  of,  78 

Jesuits,  missions  of,  29 

Juan  de  Fuca,  strait  of,  expedition  to, 
74 

Juan  Fernandez,  island  of,  American 
projects  against,  22 

Juan,  Tomas,  86 

Judicial  papers,  in  the  archives  of  the 
Indies,  83-86 

Junco,  Rodrigo,  accounts  of,  89;  expe- 
dition, 93 

Junta  de  Sevilla,  relations  of  the  U.  S. 
with,  46 

Kellermann,  General,  16 

Kentucky,     reflections     concerning,     22; 

proposal  of,  to  withdraw  from  the  U. 

S.,  39 ;  withdrawal  of,  from  the  U.  S., 

40,  43;  maps,  53 
Kerlerec,  Louis  Billouart  de,  memorial 

of,  33 
Kindelan,   Sebastian,   governor  of   East 

Florida,  42,  72 

Lallemand,  Baron  Charles,  revolutionary 

activities  of,  42,  76 
Langlois,  C.  V.,  Les  Archives  de  I'His- 

toire  de  France,  97 ;  Manuel  de  Biblio- 

graphie  Historique,  97 
Lara,  Francisco  de,  87 
La    Salle,    Robert,    charts    and    sailing 

routes  of,  21 

La  Santisinta  Trinidad,  vessel,  21 
La  Sava,  62 

Lee,  Arthur,  correspondence,  35;  nego- 
tiations of,  36 
Lee,  Charles,  64 
Legajos,  6,  et  passim 
Legations,  American,  correspondence  of, 

32,  49 
Legations,    Spanish,    routine   papers    of, 

19;  correspondence  of,  32,  44,  45,  46, 

47,  48,  49,  50,  51,  52,  71 
Lema,  Diego  de,  86 


Le  Moine,  Sauvolle,  33 

Lomas  Colmenares,  Juan  Bautista  de, 
81 

Lopez  de  Mendoza  Grajales,  Francisco, 
expedition,  52,  80 

Louis  XV.,  letter  of,  24 

Louisiana,  Acadians  sent  to,  34,  37;  at- 
tempts of  Irish  Catholics  to  settle,  22; 
bishopric  in,  63;  boundaries  of,  34,  37, 
40,  45,  46,  48,  49,  50,  64,  76 ;  Capuchins 
in,  33;  census  of,  64;  cession  of,  24, 
33,  34,  64,  73,  79;  commerce,  22,  33, 
36,  41,  43,  44,  65;  conditions  in,  34, 
35,  41,  42,  72;  correspondence  of  the 
governor  of,  35,  41,  43,  62,  64,  71,  78; 
crown  lands  in,  42,  43,  45;  defense,  26, 
38,  62,  65,  74,  75;  designs  upon,  22, 
23,  26,  41,  43,  71,  72;  development  of, 
35;  emigration  to,  34,  38,  39;  French 
plea  for  the  recovery  of,  36;  French 
troops  in,  33;  efforts  to  foil  designs 
upon,  75 ;  expedition  against,  74 ;  gov- 
ernment, 11,  25,  33,  40;  immigration 
to,  39;  Indian  trade  in,  34,  36,  37;  in- 
surrection in,  35,  40;  Kentuckians  ad- 
mitted to,  40 ;  land  grants  in,  50,  51 ; 
letters  from,  94 ;  maps,  53,  95 ;  military 
stores  in,  34;  negro  outbreak  in,  72; 
papers  relating  to,  12,  25-26,  63-65; 
postal  system,  95;  priests  sent  to,  38; 
proposed  invasion  of,  27;  propositions 
concerning,  26;  public  physician  sent 
to,  34;  retrocession  of,  23,  43,  79; 
slaves  imported  to,  44;  Spanish  dis- 
satisfaction over  the  sale  of,  23 ;  Span- 
ish plans  for  the  recovery  of,  44,  47; 
Spanish  power  in,  63 

Louisiana,  Eastern,  cession  of,  33 

Lowndes,  Rawlins,  62 

Loyalists,  in  Florida,  22 

Luna  y  Arellano,  Tristan  de,  expedition, 
80,  81,  85 

Luxemburg,  Duke  of,  claims  of,  38,  42 

McGillivray,  Alexander,  35,  71;  letters 
of,  78 

Magallon,  correspondence  of,  34 

Magdalena,  Bruno,  44 

Mandan  Indians,  41 

Maps,  53,  95 

Marine,  Council  of,  see  Council  of  Ma- 
rine 

Marine,  Secretariat  of,  see  Secretariat 
of  Marine 

Marque  and  reprisal,  letters  of,  23,  49 

Marquez  de  Cabrera,  Juan,  88 

Martin,  Cristoval,  patent  granted  to,  81 

Martinez,  Estevan  Jose,  voyage  of,  40 

Martinez  Alcubilla,  Marcelo,  Diccionario 
de  la  Administracidn  Espanola,  96 

Maserano,  Prince  of,  letters  of,  21,  35 

Megia,  Alvaro,  map  by,  80 


104 


Index. 


Men,  Juan,  85 

Mcndcz,  Francisco,  86 

Mcndez,  Vitoria,  Luiz,  82 

Menendez,  Catalina,  87 

Menendez  de  Aviles,  Bartolome,  86;  ex- 
pedition, 93 

Menendez  de  Aviles,  Pedro,  accounts  of, 
89;  conquest  of  Florida,  27;  expedi- 
tion of,  80,  92,  93;  letters  of,  80,  93; 
patent  of,  80,  93 ;  suits  against,  86 

Menendez  Marques,  Pedro,  documents 
concerning,  82-83,  92;  trial,  88 

Menendez  Marquez,  Juan,  description  of 
Florida  by,  80 

Mesieres,  expedition  of,  34 

Mexico,  12;  activities  of  French  ref- 
ugees in  regard  to,  23;  audiencia  of, 
61-62,  66,  73-76,  85;  blockade  of  the 
ports  of,  52;  financial  papers  of,  90; 
revolutionary  agitation  in,  47;  U.  S. 
designs  upon,  46 

Mexico,  Gulf  of,  extension  of  English 
commerce  in,  21;  settlements  along, 
33,  61,  62;  navigation,  74 

Ministers,  American,  correspondence, 
35,  41,  43,  44,  48,  49 

Ministry  of  the  Colonies,  records  of,  69 

Miralles,  correspondence  of,  35,  64,  69; 
observations,  36;  mission  of,  62 

Miranda,  Francisco  de,  expedition  of, 
45,  46 

Miranda,  Gutierrez  de,  suit  ae^inst,  84; 
trial,  88 

Miranda,  Hernando  de,  87 

Miro,    Estevan,    correspondence    of,    35, 

37,  38,  39 

Missions,  61,  66,  67,  89,  93 

Mississippi  River,  American  fortifica- 
tions along,  22;  Indian  trade  along, 
22;  navigation  of,  35,  37,  38,  39,  40, 
44,  46,  78;  settlements  on,  34,  43,  44, 
64 

Mobile,  conquest  of,  25,  47;  privileges 
granted  the  inhabitants  of,  37 

Mobile  River,  navigation,  44,  45,  46,  47 

Monroe,  James,  mission  of,  to  Madrid, 
44;  correspondence,  50 

Montarco,  correspondence,  41 

Monterey,  colonization,  66;  expedition 
to,  66 

Montmorin,  Count,  correspondence  of, 
35 

Moral  y  Sanchez,  Francisco  del,  61 

Morales,  Juan  Ventura,  correspondence, 
42,  44,  45 

Morgan,  George,  64;  correspondence  of, 

38,  78 

Morocco,  peace  between  the  U.  S.  and, 

39 
Moultrie,  Alexander,  correspondence  of, 

39,  78 


Munoz,  Juan  Bautista,  56 

Mufioz,  Manuel,  administration  of,  26 

Muscle  Shoals,  proposed  settlement  at, 

Muzquiz,  correspondence  of,  35 

Napoleon,  Spanish  papers  secured  by, 
16;  designs  of,  on  Spanish  posses- 
sions, 47 

Narvaez,  Panfilo  de,  80,  84;  expedition 
of,  81,  93 

Natchez,  conditions  at,  37,  38;  instruc- 
tions to  the  commandant  of,  34;  pro- 
posed attack  upon,  34,  39;  rebellion  at, 
25;  settlement,  71 

Natch itoches,  34,  35 

Navarro,  Pascual,  85;  correspondence 
of,  35,  38,  39 

Negroes,  abolition  of  pensions  to,  51; 
outbreak  of,  72 

New  Madrid,  settlement  of,  34,  39,  40 

New  Mexico,  colonization,  69,  81;  con- 
ditions in,  76;  conquest  of,  62,  66; 
description  of,  81;  discoveries  in,  81; 
encroachments  of  the  French  on,  33; 
exclusion  of  foreigners  from,  76; 
maps,  53;  papers  relating  to,  12,  81; 
U.  S.  designs  upon,  76 

New  Orleans,  American  right  of  de- 
posit at,  44,  73;  condition  of  the  peo- 
ple in,  33;  crown  property  in,  45; 
French  emissaries  in,  72;  government 
of,  35 ;  letters  of  the  intendant  at,  35 ; 
privileges  granted  the  inhabitants  of, 
37;  Ursulines  sent  to,  34,  37 

New  Spain,  12;  correspondence  of  the 
viceroy  of,  33,  35,  36,  38,  42,  44,  46, 
48,  74,  75,  76,  90;  discoveries  in,  81; 
garrisons  in,  34,  35;  maps,  95;  mis- 
sions, 94;  papers  relating  to,  26,  81; 
revolutionary  movements  in,  42 ;  secre- 
tariat of,  61 

Niza,  Fr.  Marcos  de,  expedition,  81 

Nootka  Sound,  controversy  over,  22,  38, 
41 

North  America,  maps,  53 

Nouvelles  Archives  des  Missions  Scien- 
tifiques  et  Litteraires,  59 

Nunez,  Francisco,  85 

Obregon,  Baltasar,  chronicle  of,  81 
O'Fallon,  James,  schemes  of,  25,  34,  71; 

correspondence,  39,  78 
Office  of  the  Controller,  papers  of,  88 
Old  Council,  papers  of,  27 
Olivera,  Juan  de,  88 
Ofiate,  Juan  de,  69;  expeditions,  81 
Onis,  Don  Luis  de,  correspondence  45, 

47,   48,   49,   69 
Orange,  Miguel  de,  85 
Orruytiner,  Pedro,  88 
Ortiz,  Antonio,  88 


Index. 


105 


Ortiz  de  Matienzo,  Juan,  papers  relating 

to,  67,  68,  84,  85 
Ossun,  Duke  of,  correspondence  of,  35 

Pacific  Coast,  Spain's  claim  to,  41 

Panama  Congress,  51,  71 

Panton,  Leslie  and  Company,  34,  39 

Panton,  William,  71 

Papeletas,  6,  et  passim 

Pardo,  Juan,  expedition,  80 

Parra,  Juan  de  la,  84 

Patronato  Real,  see  Royal  Patronage 

Paz,  Don  Julian,  2 

Pedraso,  Jose,  61 

Penalosa,  Gonzalo  de,  relation  of,  83 

Pensacola,  conquest  of,  25,  66 

Perignon,  correspondence,  43 

Philadelphia,  yellow  fever  at,  44 

Philip  II.,  of  Spain,  improves  the  ar- 
chives at  Simancas,  15-16 

Philippines,  documents  concerning,  30 

Pierres,  Jacobo,  86 

Pike,  Zebulon  M.,  expedition  of,  45-46; 
arrest,  46 

Pinckney,  Charles,  correspondence,  41, 
50 

Pointe  Conpee,  negro  plot  in,  43 

Pollock,  Oliver,  62;  letters  of,  78 

Ponce  de  Leon,  Juan,  84,  85;  papers  re- 
lating to,  67-69 

Ponce  de  Leon,  Nicolas,  88 

Port  Arrivals,  Tribunal  o'f,  94 

Porter,  Commodore  David,  51;  expedi- 
tion of,  23 

Porto  Rico,  claim  of  the  U.  S.  to  deal 
directly  with,  52;  documents  concern- 
ing, 30 

Port  St.  Nicholas,  attack  upon,  26 

Portugal,  Fernando  de,  83 

Postal  papers,  94-95 

Powell,  Thomas,  letter  of,  23 

Prado,  Antonio  de,  81 

Prince  of  Peace,  see  Godoy 

Quiroga  y  Losada,  Diego  de,  88,  90 
Quiros,  Hernan  Cuerbo  de,  84 
Quivira,  Coronado's  expedition  to,  81 

Raffelin,  mission  of,  62 

Raleigh,  Sir  Walter,  colony  of,  20 

Ramirez  de  Cardenas,  Garcia,  85 

Rebolledo,  Diego  de,  91 

Rendon,  Francisco,  correspondence  of, 
35,  37,  64,  69;  observations,  36 

Reprisal,  letters  of  marque  and,  23,  49 

Republics,  Spanish-American,  independ- 
ence, 50,  51,  71;  American  ammuni- 
tion sent  to,  51;  revolt  of,  70;  diplo- 
matic relations  with,  71 

Revista  de  Archives,  Bibliotecas  y  Mu- 
seos,  96 


Revolution,  American,  correspondence 
concerning,  24;  diplomatic  relations  of 
the  U.  S.  during,  78;  documents  relat- 
ing to,  35-36;  information  concern- 
ing, 62,  64 

Ribaut,  Jean,  visit  to  England,  20 

Ricla,  Count  of,  correspondence  of,  35 

Robertson,  James,  letters  of,  78 

Rodriguez,  Fr.  Agustin,  expedition,  81 

Rogel,  Juan,  81 

Rojomonte,  Stefano  de,  relation  of,  80 

Romaine,  scheme  of,  23 

Ronquillo,  ambassador,  21 

Roxas,  Luis  de,  88 

Roxo,  Ignacio  Rodriguez,  87 

Royal  orders,  33 

Royal  Patronage,  documents  relating  to, 
79-83 

Rush,  Richard,  statement  of,  concerning 
the  independence  of  the  Spanish- 
American  colonies,  23 

Russia,  explorations  of,  in  America,  38, 
40,  70,  74 

Rutledge,  John,  letters  of,  78 

Saberton,  Walter,  2 

St.  Augustine,  papers  relating  to,  60,  90- 
91;  defense  of,  82;  military  stores  in, 
90 

St.  Clair,  Arthur,  correspondence  of,  38 
St.  Cyr,  23 

Salazar  Ballecilla,  Benito  Ruiz  de,  88 
Salcedo,  Nemesio  de,  correspondence,  44 
Salinas,  Bernardo  de,  letter  of,  21 
Salinas,  Juan  de,  88 
San  Antonio  de  Bejar,  34 
Sanchez,  Diaz,  Guia,  19,  24,  25,  27,  28 
Sanchez  de  Mercado,  Lazaro,  93 
Sanchez  del  Moral,  Francisco,  88 
San  Javier,  62 
San  Mateo,  82,  83,  85 
Santa  Cruz,  Pedro  de,  88 
Santander,  Pedro,  relation  of,  19 
Santo  Domingo,  12,  53;  colonization,  62 ; 
audiencia  of,  see  Audiencia  of  Santo 
Domingo 

Sarmiento  de  Acuna,  Diego,  20 
Sebastian,    Benjamin,   opposition   of,   to 
Yazoo  Companies,  34;  correspondence 
of,  39,  78 

Secretariat  of  Finance,  papers  in  the  ar- 
chives of,  27-28 

Secretariat  of  Marine,  papers  in  the  ar- 
chives of,  27 

Secretariat  of  State,  papers  in  the  ar- 
chives of,  19-24 

Secretariat  of  War,  papers  in   the  ar- 
chives of,  25-27 
Service,  certificates  of,  27 
Settlements,  papers  relating  to,  80 
Sevier,  John,  correspondence  of,  38,  78 
Seville,  archives  at,  1,  12,  55-95 


io6 


Index. 


Shepherd,  W.  R.,  The  Spanish  Archives, 
and  their  Importance  for  the  History 
of  the  United  States,  96 

Shipping,  American,  43,  46,  62 

Short,  William,  correspondence  of,  39, 
41 

Simancas,  archives  at,  1,  12,  19-28 

Slaves,  return  of  fugitive,  39,  42,  46,  76; 
importation,  44 

Socorro,  Marquis  of,  66 

Soto,  Hernando  de,  85;  expedition,  80, 
93 

Spain,  aid  given  by,  to  the  American 
colonies,  36;  alliance  with  France,  36; 
attempt  of,  to  mediate  between  Eng- 
land and  France,  21,  36;  attitude  of, 
toward  the  War  of  1812,  23;  bounda- 
ries of  the  American  possessions  of,  37, 
39,  43,  45,  50,  76;  cession  of  Louisiana 
to,  24,  33,  34;  claims  of,  against  the 
U.  S.,  52;  claims  against,  50;  claim 
of,  to  the  Pacific  coast,  41;  commerce, 
34,  38,  43,  47,  51,  52,  65 ;  contract  with 
Panton,  Leslie  and  Co.,  34;  con- 
trol of,  in  East  Florida,  22;  corre- 
spondence of  the  kings  of,  19;  decla- 
ration of  war  by,  21;  dissatisfaction 
of,  with  the  sale  of  Louisiana,  23 ;  ef- 
forts of,  to  restore  her  power  in  Amer- 
ica, 71;  efforts  of,  to  secure  foreign 
aid  against  the  U.  S.,  49 ;  extension  of 
the  power  of,  in  America,  38;  griev- 
ances of,  against  the  U.  S.,  46,  47 ;  im- 
portations of  American  products  by, 
45;  inducements  offered,  to  withdraw 
from  the  French  alliance,  36;  law 
concerning  tobacco  raised  in,  21;  loan 
of,  to  U.  S.,  39;  measures  of,  to  pro- 
tect her  American  interests,  21,  48; 
policy  of,  in  establishing  her  power  in 
Louisiana,  33;  policy  of,  toward  the 
secession  of  Kentucky,  43 ;  possible  ac- 
tion of,  against  the  United  States,  23; 
prisoners  of,  in  Virginia,  20;  proposed 
alliance  of,  against  England,  24;  re- 
lations of,  with  England,  64,  78;  rela- 
tions of,  with  the  Indians,  22,  40;  re- 
lations of,  with  the  U.  S.,  37,  42,  46, 
48,  50,  51,  52;  threatening  attitude  of 
the  U.  S.  toward,  46;  treaties,  23,  35, 
41 

Spanish-American  republics,  see  repub- 
lics, Spanish-American 

Stanley,  Colonel,  20 

State,  Council  of,  see  Council  of  State 

State  Papers,  in  the  National  Historical 
Archives,  31-53 ;  in  the  archives  of  the 
Indies,  70-76 

State,  Secretariat  of,  see  Secretariat  of 
State 

Stein,  Henri,  Les  Archives  de  I'Histoire 
de  France,  97 


Steuben,  Baron  von,  38 

Stukely,  Thomas,  enterprise  of,  20 

Talleyrand,  Prince,  correspondence,  43, 
44 

Tampa  Bay,  72 

Tatham,  William,  secret  mission  of,  37 

Texada,  Juan  de,  86 

Texas,  boundaries,  46;  colonization,  62, 
66;  commerce,  36;  conditions,  66,  76; 
conflicts  between  Spanish  and  Amer- 
ican troops  in,  45,  46;  correspondence 
of  the  governor  of,  33;  designs  of  the 
U.  S.  upon,  49,  51,  71,  76;  French  en- 
croachments upon,  33;  exclusion  of 
foreigners  from,  76;  expedition  to,  90; 
Indians  in,  42,  74;  maps  of,  43,  53; 
missions  and  military  posts  in,  66 ;  pa- 
pers relating  to,  12,  26;  revolutionary 
movements  in,  42,  47;  settlement  and 
growth  of,  46,  50,  76 

Tobacco,  62,  65;  law  concerning,  21; 
purchase  of,  39 

Toledo,  inquisition  of,  29 

Torres  Lanzas,  Don  Pedro,  2;  Reladon 
Descriptiva  de  los  Mapas,  Pianos,  etc., 
de  Mexico  y  Florida  existentes  en  el 
Archivo  General  de  Indias,  95 

Torres  y  Ayala,  Laureano  de,  88 

Trade,  House  of,  see  House  of  Trade 

Treasury,  public,  supervisory  commis- 
sion of,  94 

Treasury,  royal,  accounts  of,  65,  67 

Treaties,  between  Colombia  and  the  U. 
S.,  51;  between  England  and  France, 
21;  Indian,  41,  72;  of  1794,  40;  of 
1795,  41,  45;  of  1819,  49,  50;  relative 
to  the  Nootka  Sound  dispute,  41 

Trevino,  Juan,  88 

Troche,  Garcia,  84 

Ullpa,  Francisco  de,  voyage,  81 
United  States,  boundaries,  37,  39,  43,  45, 
50,  76,  78;  claims  against,  50;  com- 
merce, 22,  34,  37,  38,  40,  44,  51,  52; 
conditions  in,  22;  debt  of,  to  Spain, 
39;  designs  of,  upon  Spanish  posses- 
sions, 22,  26,  44,  49,  71,  76;  efforts  to 
control  the  Indian  trade  of  Florida, 
23;  efforts  of,  to  incite  the  Indians 
against  the  Spaniards,  48,  75;  failure 
of,  to  enforce  neutrality  in  Mexico, 
47;  forces  of,  23,  47,  49;  indemnity 
from  the  Spanish  government,  43;  in- 
vasion of  West  Florida  by,  23;  peace 
between  Morocco  and,  39;  possible  ac- 
tion against,  by  Spain  and  England, 
23;  prisoners,  35;  projects  of,  against 
the  island  of  Juan  Fernandez,  22 ;  re- 
flections upon,  22 ;  reprisals  on,  40,  48 ; 
relations  with  the  Indians,  40;  rela- 
tions of,  with  Spain,  41,  42,  46,  48,  50, 


Index. 


107 


51,  52,  78;  rumored  alliance  of, 
against  France,  75;  share  of,  in  the 
revolt  of  the  Spanish-American  colo- 
nies, 23,  48,  49,  50,  70,  71;  treaty  of, 
with  Spain,  23 ;  war  of,  with  England, 
47,  69;  western  extension  of,  22,  37, 
42;  withdrawal  of  Kentucky  from,  43; 
usurpation  of  Spanish  territory,  47,  79 

Urasi,  Felipe  de,  33 

Urquijo,  correspondence,  43 

Ursulines,  34,  37.  73 

Valencia,  Inquisition  of,  29 
Valle,  Diego  de,  86 
Vargas,  Francisco  Diaz  de,  81 
Vargas  Zapata  y  Lujan,  Diego  de,  90 
Vasquez  de  Ayllon,  see  Ayllon 
Vasquez  de  Coronado,  see  Coronado 
Vega  Castro,  Damian  de  la,  88 
Velasco,  Alonso  de,  letters  of,  20 
Velasco,   Diego   de,   letter  of,    83;    suit 

against,  87 

Velasco,  Juan  de,  summary  of,  80 
Velasco,  Luis  de,  85 
Vergennes,  Count  de,  correspondence  of, 

35 

Verger,  Don  Jose  Gonzalez,  2 
Versailles,  negotiations  at,  22 
Vessels,  American,  exemption  of,  from 
quarantine  regulations,  41;  conduct  of, 
73 ;  in  Spanish  ports,  36,  37,  41,  43,  44, 
47,  49,  51,  62;   in  the  Mediterranean, 
44 ;  seizure  of,  41,  44,  49,  52,  76 
Vessels,  Spanish,  in  the  ports  of  the  U. 

S.,  52 
Viar,  Jose  Ignacio,  correspondence    of, 

40,  41,  42 

Vignau,  Don  Vicente,  2 
Villa-amil  y  Castro,  Breve  Resena  His- 
torico-Descriptiva  del  Archive   Gene- 
ral de  Indias,  59 

Villafane,  Angel  de,  expedition,  80 
Villegas,  Andres  Rodriguez  de,  88 


Villempnt,  memorials  of,  33 
Virginia,  documents  relating  to,  20-21 

Walker,  John  Peter,  44 
Wall,  Richard,  correspondence  of,  33,  34 
Walnut  Hills,  Spanish  fort  at,  71,  73 
War,  Council  of,  see  Council  of  War 
War,  Secretariat  of,  see  Secretariat  of 

War 

Washington,  Thomas,  letters  of,  78 
West    Indies,   23;    Spanish   co-operation 
with  the  French  in,  25;  Spanish  colo- 
nies in,  49;  letters  from,  94 
White,  Henry,  governor  of  East  Florida, 

40 ;  correspondence  of,  38 
White,  James,  mission  of,  39;  letters  of, 

78 

Wilkinson,   James,   25,   34;    correspond- 
ence of,  38,  39,  44,  45-46,  78;  pension 
for,  42,  44;  projects  of,  39,  78 
Windward  Isles,  designs  of  the  English 

in,  21 

Wouyes  d'  Arges,  correspondence,  38,  39 ; 
project  of,  39 

Yazoo  companies,  schemes  of,  25,  34,  38, 

39,  71,  78 
Yazoo  River,  39 
Ybarra,  Pedro  de,  83,  88 
"Yndiferente",  86 
"Yndiferente  General",  67-69 

Yrtijo,  Carlos  Martinez  de,  34,  42;  ap- 
pointment, 23;  correspondence  of,  38, 

40,  42,  43,  44,  45,  46,  50,  64;  disagree- 
ment of,  with  Spanish  officials,  44,  46; 
document  by,  48 

Yznardi,  Jose,  43 

Zaldivar,  Vicente  de,  expedition.  81 
Zembrano,  Juan  Manuel,  66 
Zendoya,  Manuel  de,  88 
Zespedes,  correspondence  of,  38 
Zuniga,  Pedro  de,  letters  of,  20 
Zufiiga  y  la  Cerda,  Jose  de,  61 


